We would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (grant number: MOST 104-2628-M-009-003-MY4) for the financial support of this work.

This protocol assumes that all the steps are performed according to the relevant laboratory safety regulations. Some of the steps use commercial instruments - in those cases, manufacturer guidelines need to be followed. When handling toxic chemicals, MSDS guidelines need to be followed. The custom-made equipment4 must be operated cautiously; especially, when handling pressurized gases and live electric wiring.
1. Preparation of Standard Solution
<ol>
	<li>Prepare 6.2 x 10-2 M stock solution of limonene in ethanol by mixing 10 &#181;L limonene with 990 &#181;L ethanol.</li>
	<li>Prepare 10 mL of 6.2 x 10-5 M limonene solution by mixing 10 &#181;L 6.2 x 10-2 limonene, 490 &#181;L ethanol, and adding pure water to the final volume of 10 mL. Shake the volumetric flask thoroughly.</li>
	<li>Transfer the prepared standard solution to a 20-mL screw top headspace glass vial with septum cap. The diluted standard solution can be used for testing the system.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of Real Sample
<ol>
	<li>Obtain lime juice by squeezing fresh lime fruit (cut in half) on a kitchen squeezer.</li>
	<li>Prepare 10 mL of diluted lime juice by mixing 2 mL lime juice, 500 &#181;L ethanol, and adding pure water to the final volume of 10 mL. Shake the volumetric flask thoroughly.</li>
	<li>Transfer the prepared sample to a 20-mL screw top headspace glass vial with septum cap.</li>
</ol>
3. Spiking the Real Sample with Standard Solution
<ol>
	<li>First standard addition: Prepare 10 mL of spiked sample by mixing 2 mL lime juice, 10 &#181;L 6.2 x 10-2 M limonene solution, 490 &#181;L ethanol, and adding pure water to the final volume of 10 mL. Shake the volumetric flask thoroughly.</li>
	<li>Second standard addition: Prepare 10 mL of spiked sample by mixing 2 mL lime juice, 20 &#181;L 6.2 x 10-2 M limonene solution, 480 &#181;L ethanol, and adding pure water to the final volume of 10 mL. Shake the volumetric flask thoroughly.</li>
</ol>
4. Setting Up the Fizzy Extraction System
<ol>
	<li>Put the fizzy extraction system (Figure 1)4 next to the APCI source of the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.</li>
	<li>Connect the carbon dioxide gas cylinder to the gas supply inlet of the fizzy extraction system. Open the valve in the gas regulator. Set the output pressure to 1.5 bar (150 kPa).</li>
	<li>Connect the extraction chamber outlet to the ion source inlet.</li>
	<li>Connect the fizzy extraction system to the 12-V power supply.</li>
	<li>Set up the data acquisition software of the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Figure 2). Operate the instrument with the APCI source, in the positive-ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, with argon as collision gas.
	<ol>
		<li>Run the data acquisition software.</li>
		<li>Select the option &#34;LCMS8030 only&#34;.</li>
		<li>Select the option &#34;MS On/Off&#34;.</li>
		<li>Set the desolvation line temperature to 250 &#176;C, and the flow rate of drying gas to 15 L min-1. Wait until the value of every instrument parameter becomes the same as the preset value.</li>
		<li>Select the MS data acquisition method file.</li>
		<li>Make sure the collision voltage is -20 V, the precursor ion m/z is 137, and the fragment ion m/z are 81 and 95</li>
		<li>Click on the &#34;Start Single Run&#34; button.</li>
		<li>Type the file name.</li>
		<li>Select the file path.</li>
		<li>Move to section 5 (&#34;Performing fizzy extraction&#34;).</li>
		<li>Select the option &#34;MS On/Off&#34;.</li>
		<li>Close the software window.</li>
		<li>Tick the items &#34;Nebulizing Gas Off&#34;, &#34;DL Heater Off&#34;, &#34;Heat Block Off&#34;, and &#34;Dry Gas Off&#34;. Click &#34;OK&#34;.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Performing Fizzy Extraction
<ol>
	<li>Place a sample vial in the fizzy extraction system by using the screw mount. The extraction system is operated at room temperature (~ 25 &#176;C).</li>
	<li>Press the &#34;Start&#34; button on the LCD shield of the fizzy extraction system.</li>
	<li>Wait while the automated fizzy extraction process is executed (Figure 3). Observe development of ion signals on the screen of the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. 
	NOTE: The following steps are executed automatically: Sample headspace is flushed with carbon dioxide during 60 s. Sample is pressurized with carbon dioxide during 60 s. Stirrer motor is on. Sample is depressurized. Multiple bubbles are formed. In the later phase, stirrer motor is on to enhance bubbling.</li>
	<li>Take out (unscrew) the sample vial.</li>
	<li>Wipe the sample stirring spindle with cellulose tissue.</li>
	<li>Wash the stirring spindle with ethanol, and wipe it with cellulose tissue again.</li>
	<li>The system is ready for analysis of another sample (repeat steps 5.1-5.6).</li>
	<li>Switch off the power supply.</li>
	<li>Disconnect the fizzy extraction outlet tube from the ion source.</li>
	<li>Close the valve of the gas cylinder, and disconnect the gas tubing.</li>
</ol>
6. Data Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Export extracted ion currents for the m/z 81 from the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer&#39;s data acquisition software to ASCII files (Figure 4). 
	NOTE: The ion current at the m/z 95 is not used in this demonstration.
	<ol>
		<li>Run the data acquisition software. Select the option &#34;Postrun&#34;.</li>
		<li>Select the option &#34;Select Project (Folder)&#34;, and choose the data file.</li>
		<li>Click on the &#34;File&#34; menu, and select &#34;Export Data&#34; / &#34;Export Data as ASCII&#34;.</li>
		<li>Select &#34;Output File&#34;, and select the file path. Select &#34;MS Chromatogram (MC)&#34;.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Import the raw data sets into peak integration software, and measure peak areas (Figure 5). Settings: linear baseline; HVL function.
	<ol>
		<li>Run the peak integration software.</li>
		<li>Select the option &#34;Import&#34; from the &#34;File&#34; menu. Click &#34;Yes&#34; button.</li>
		<li>Select the data in X and Y column. Click &#34;OK&#34; button. Select the option &#34;AutoFit Peaks I Residuals&#34;.</li>
		<li>Fit the extraction peak semi-automatically. Make sure the fitted curve follows the experimental data points. Select the option &#34;List Peak Estimates&#34;. Select the option &#34;ASCII Editor&#34;.</li>
		<li>Copy the fitting results to &#34;Clipboard&#34;.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Input the measured peak areas into a spreadsheet in data analysis software (Figure 6).
	<ol>
		<li>Run the data analysis software.</li>
		<li>Input the concentration values in X column and peak area values in Y column. Select the option &#34;Symbol&#34; / &#34;Scatter&#34; from the &#34;Plot&#34; menu. Select the option &#34;Fitting&#34; / &#34;Fit Linear&#34; from the &#34;Analysis&#34; menu.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Calculate the concentration of limonene in the diluted real sample based on the formula: 
	<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56008/56008eq1.jpg" /> 
	where I is the intercept of the linear function, while S is the slope.</li>
	<li>Compute the concentration of limonene in the original real sample (before dilution) based on the formula: 
	<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/56008/56008eq2.jpg" /> 
	where DF is the dilution factor (here, 5).</li>
</ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Several smart ways to deliver samples to a mass spectrometer were developed in the studies conducted during the past three decades (e.g., references8,9,10,11,12,13,14). One of the goals of those studies was to simplify preparation of samples for analysis. To achieve that goal, vario...

Various phenomena observed in nature and daily life are linked to gas-liquid phase equilibriums. Carbon dioxide is dissolved in soft and alcoholic drinks under elevated pressure. When a bottle of such a fizzy drink is opened, the pressure drops down, and gas bubbles rush to the liquid surface. In this case, effervescence improves organoleptic properties of beverages. The release of gas bubbles is also the main cause of decompression sickness ("the bends")1. Due to sudden decompression, bubbles form in divers' bodies. The persons suffering from the decompression sickness are treated in hyperbaric chambers.
Gas bubbles have various applications in analytical chemistry. Notably, sparging methods rely on passing gas bubbles through liquid samples to extract volatile compounds2. For example, a method called "purge-closed loop" is combined with gas chromatography to enable rapid analysis of dissolved volatiles3. While sparging can continuously extract volatiles over time, it does not confine them in space or time. The released gas-phase species need to be trapped, and-in some cases-concentrated by applying a temperature program or using sorbents. Thus, there is a need to introduce new on-line sample treatment strategies, which could reduce the number of steps, and-at the same time-concentrate volatile analytes in space or time.
To address the challenge of extracting volatile compounds from liquid samples, and performing analysis on-line, we recently introduced "fizzy extraction"4. This new technique takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon. Briefly, a carrier gas (here, carbon dioxide) is first dissolved in the sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. Then, the sample chamber is decompressed abruptly. The sudden decompression leads to formation of numerous carrier gas bubbles in the sample liquid. These bubbles assist the release of dissolved analyte species from the liquid to the gas phase. The released analytes are immediately transferred to the mass spectrometer, producing signals in the time domain. Because the release of the analyte species is confined to a short period of time (a few seconds), the temporal signals have high amplitudes and high signal-to-noise ratios.
The pressures involved in the fizzy extraction process are very low (~150 kPa)4; much lower than in supercritical fluid extraction5 (e.g., &#8805;10 MPa). The technique does not require the use of any special consumable items (columns, cartridges). Only small volumes of solvents are used for dilution and cleaning. The extraction device can be assembled by chemists with medium technical skills using widely available parts4; for example, open-source electronic modules6,7. Fizzy extraction can be coupled on-line with modern mass spectrometers equipped with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface. Because gas-phase extracts are transferred to the ion source, operation of fizzy extraction does not substantially contaminate vulnerable parts of the mass spectrometer.
The purpose of this visualized experiment article is to guide the viewers on how to implement fizzy extraction in a simple analytical task. While the core of the fizzy extraction system is as described in our previous report4, several improvements have been introduced to make the operation more straightforward. A microcontroller equipped with an LCD screen shield has been incorporated into the system to display the key extraction parameters in real time. All the functions are programmed in the microcontroller scripts, and there is no longer a need to use an external computer to control the extraction system.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="963">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Water</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">W6212</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Diluent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">32221-2.5L</td>
			<td>Diluent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">(R)-(+)-Limonene</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">183164-100ML</td>
			<td>Standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Carbon dioxide</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">ChiaLung</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>Carrier gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Cellulose tissue, Kimwipes Kimtech</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>Used for cleaning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Shimadzu</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">LCMS-8030</td>
			<td>Detection system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Shimadzu</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Duis</td>
			<td>Ion source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">20-mL screw top headspace glass vial with septum cap</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">D-52379</td>
			<td>Sample vial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">LabSolutions software</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Shimadzu</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>version 5.82</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">PeakFit software</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Systat Software</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>version 4.12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:415px;">OriginPro software</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">OriginLab</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>version 8</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fizzy extraction of volatile organic compounds combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to the gas phase, and efficiently transferred to a detection system. Fizzy extraction takes advantage of the effervescence phenomenon. First, a carrier gas (here, carbon dioxide) is dissolved in the sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. Second, the sample chamber is decompressed abruptly. Decompression leads to the formation of numerous carrier gas bubbles in the sample liquid. These bubbles assist the release of the dissolved analyte species from the liquid to the gas phase. The released analytes are immediately transferred to the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The ionizable analyte species give rise to mass spectrometric signals in the time domain. Because the release of the analyte species occurs over short periods of time (a few seconds), the temporal signals have high amplitudes and high signal-to-noise ratios. The amplitudes and areas of the temporal peaks can then be correlated with concentrations of the analytes in the liquid samples subjected to fizzy extraction, which enables quantitative analysis. The advantages of fizzy extraction include: simplicity, speed, and limited use of chemicals (solvents).

At the beginning, the fizzy extraction system is tested with a standard solution. Subsequently, the real sample and real sample spiked with standard are analyzed. The areas of the temporal peaks of extraction events are correlated with concentrations of the analytes in the liquid samples subjected to fizzy extraction, which enables quantitative analysis. Here, we performed double standard addition to demonstrate quantitative capabilities of the technique (Figure 7</st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

Fizzy extraction is a new laboratory technique for analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds. A carrier gas is dissolved in the liquid sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. The sample chamber is then decompressed. The analyte species are liberated to the gas phase due to effervescence.

Chemical analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds dissolved in liquid samples can be challenging. The dissolved components need to be brought to ...

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7.6K Views.  National Chiao Tung University. Fizzy extraction is a new laboratory technique for analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds. A carrier gas is dissolved in the liquid sample by applying overpressure and stirring the sample. The sample chamber is then decompressed. The analyte species are liberated to the gas phase due to effervescence.

Video: Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. Specifically, the sapphire cell enables visual data collection from multiple loadings to solve a set of material balances to precisely determine phase composition. Ternary phase diagrams can then be established to determine the proportion of each component in each phase at a given condition. In principle, any ternary system can be studied although ternary systems (gas-liquid-liquid) are the specific examples discussed herein. For instance, the ternary THF-Water-CO2 system was studied at 25 and 40&#160;&#176;C and is described herein. Of key importance, this technique does not require sampling. Circumventing the possible disturbance of the system equilibrium upon sampling, inherent measurement errors, and technical difficulties of physically sampling under pressure is a significant benefit of this technique. Perhaps as important, the sapphire cell also enables the direct visual observation of the phase behavior. In fact, as the CO2 pressure is increased, the homogeneous THF-Water solution phase splits at about 2 MPa. With this technique, it was possible to easily and clearly observe the cloud point and determine the composition of the newly formed phases as a function of pressure.
The data acquired with the sapphire cell technique can be used for many applications. In our case, we measured swelling and composition for tunable solvents, like gas-expanded liquids, gas-expanded ionic liquids and Organic Aqueous Tunable Systems (OATS)1-4. For the latest system, OATS, the high-pressure sapphire cell enabled the study of (1) phase behavior as a function of pressure and temperature, (2) composition of each phase (gas-liquid-liquid) as a function of pressure and temperature and (3) catalyst partitioning in the two liquid phases as a function of pressure and composition. Finally, the sapphire cell is an especially effective tool to gather accurate and reproducible measurements in a timely fashion.

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus is a unique tool to study, without sampling, phase behavior under a wide range of pressures. Using a cathetometer, very precise volume measurements can be recorded to measure liquid expansion and phase composition. Thus, this synthetic method enables the study of (1) phase equilibria of multi-component mixtures and (2) the partition behavior of catalyst or model compounds as a function of pressure.

The high pressure sapphire cell apparatus was constructed to visually determine the composition of multiphase systems without physical sampling. ...

Analysis of Volatile and Oxidation Sensitive Compounds Using a Cold Inlet System and Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry

This video presents a protocol for the mass spectrometrical analysis of volatile and oxidation sensitive compounds using electron impact ionization. The analysis of volatile and oxidation sensitive compounds by mass spectrometry is not easily achieved, as all state-of-the-art mass spectrometric methods require at least one sample preparation step, e.g., dissolution and dilution of the analyte (electrospray ionization), co-crystallization of the analyte with a matrix compound (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization), or transfer of the prepared samples into the ionization source of the mass spectrometer, to be conducted under atmospheric conditions. Here, the use of a sample inlet system is described which enables the analysis of volatile metal organyls, silanes, and phosphanes using a sector field mass spectrometer equipped with an electron impact ionization source. All sample preparation steps and the sample introduction into the ion source of the mass spectrometer take place either under air-free conditions or under vacuum, enabling the analysis of compounds highly susceptible to oxidation. The presented technique is especially of interest for inorganic chemists, working with metal organyls, silanes, or phosphanes, which have to be handled using inert conditions, such as the Schlenk technique. The principle of operation is presented in this video.

This video presents a protocol for the mass spectrometrical analysis of volatile and oxidation sensitive compounds using electron impact ionization. The presented technique is especially of interest for inorganic chemists, working with metal organyls, silanes, or phosphanes which have to be handled using inert conditions, such as the Schlenk technique.

This video presents a protocol for the mass spectrometrical analysis of volatile and oxidation sensitive compounds using electron impact ionization. The ...

A Study of the Complexation of Mercury(II) with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry. This strategy is based on previous successful characterization of mercury-dicysteinyl complexes involving tripeptides by utilizing mass spectrometry among other techniques. Mercury(II) chloride and a dicysteinyl tetrapeptide were incubated in a degassed buffered medium at varying stoichiometric ratios. The complexes formed were subsequently analyzed on an electrospray mass spectrometer consisting of a hybrid linear ion- and orbi- trap mass analyzer. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra were acquired in the positive mode and the observed peaks were then analyzed for distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns and associated monoisotopic peak. This work demonstrates that an accurate stoichiometry of mercury and peptide in the complexes formed under specified electrospray ionization conditions can be determined by using high resolution ESI MS based on distinct mercury isotopic distribution patterns.

A Study of the Complexation of MercuryII with Dicysteinyl Tetrapeptides by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The characterization of complexes formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptides by electrospray ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry is presented.

In this study we evaluated a method for the characterization of complexes, formed in different relative ratios of mercury(II) to dicysteinyl tetrapeptide, ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans. De-starched wheat endosperm cell walls were isolated as an alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR)1 and sequentially extracted with water (W-sol Fr) and 1 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4 (KOH-sol Fr) as described by Ratnayake et al. (2014)2. Two different approaches (see summary in Figure 1) are adopted. In the first, intact W-sol AXs are treated with 2AB to tag the original RE backbone chain sugar residue and then treated with an endoxylanase to generate a mixture of 2AB-labelled RE and internal region reducing oligosaccharides, respectively. In a second approach, the KOH-sol Fr is hydrolyzed with endoxylanase to first generate a mixture of oligosaccharides which are subsequently labelled with 2AB. The enzymically released ((un)tagged) oligosaccharides from both W- and KOH-sol Frs are then methylated and the detailed structural analysis of both the native and methylated oligosaccharides is performed using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS, RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and ESI-MSn. Endoxylanase digested KOH-sol AXs are also characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that also provides information on the anomeric configuration. These techniques can be applied to other classes of polysaccharides using the appropriate endo-hydrolases.

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the structural characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans by tagging the RE with 2 aminobenzamide prior to enzymatic (endoxylanase) hydrolysis and then analysis of the resultant oligosaccharides using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Visualization of Ambient Mass Spectrometry with the Use of Schlieren Photography

This manuscript outlines how to visualize mass spectrometry ambient ionization sources using schlieren photography. In order to properly optimize the mass spectrometer, it is necessary to characterize and understand the physical principles of the source. Most commercial ambient ionization sources utilize jets of nitrogen, helium, or atmospheric air to facilitate the ionization of the analyte. As a consequence, schlieren photography can be used to visualize the gas streams by exploiting the differences in refractive index between the streams and ambient air for visualization in real time. The basic setup requires a camera, mirror, flashlight, and razor blade. When properly configured, a real time image of the source is observed by watching its reflection. This allows for insight into the mechanism of action in the source, and pathways to its optimization can be elucidated. Light is shed on an otherwise invisible situation.

This paper presents a protocol for the visualization of gaseous streams of an ambient ionization source using schlieren photography and mass spectrometry.

This manuscript outlines how to visualize mass spectrometry ambient ionization sources using schlieren photography. In order to properly optimize the mass ...

Real-time Breath Analysis by Using Secondary Nanoelectrospray Ionization Coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental exposure in a non-invasive manner. In this work, we present a protocol to characterize the exhaled VOCs in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (Sec-nanoESI-HRMS). The homemade Sec-nanoESI source was readily set up based on a commercial nanoESI source. Hundreds of peaks were observed in the background-subtracted mass spectra of exhaled breath, and the mass accuracy values are -4.0-13.5 ppm and -20.3-1.3 ppm in the positive and negative ion detection modes, respectively. The peaks were assigned with accurate elemental composition according to the accurate mass and isotopic pattern. Less than 30 s is used for one exhalation measurement, and it takes approximately 7 min for six replicated measurements.

A protocol for characterizing chemical composition of exhaled breath in real time by using secondary nanoelectrospray ionization coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry is demonstrated.

Exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have aroused considerable interest, since they can serve as biomarkers for disease diagnosis and environmental ...

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group analysis as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This tutorial demonstrates methods for optimization of the sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis of synthetic polymers using MALDI-TOF MS. Critical parameters during sample preparation include the selection of the matrix, identification of an appropriate cationization salt, and tuning the relative proportions of the matrix, cation, and analyte. The acquisition parameters, such as mode (linear or reflector), polarization (positive or negative), acceleration voltage, and delay time, are also important. Given some knowledge of the chemistry involved to synthesize the polymer and optimizing both the data acquisition parameters and the sample preparation conditions, spectra should be obtained with sufficient resolution and mass accuracy to enable the unambiguous determination of the end groups of most homopolymers (masses below 10,000) in addition to the repeat unit mass and the overall molecular weight distribution. Though demonstrated on a limited set of polymers, these general techniques are applicable to a much wider range of synthetic polymers for determining mass distributions, though end group determination is only possible for homopolymers with narrow dispersity.

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

A protocol for the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) characterization of synthetic polymers is described including the optimization of sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis.

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group ...

An Efficient Sample Preparation Method to Enhance Carbohydrate Ion Signals in Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS is the method of choice in carbohydrate analysis, poor ion signal and data reproducibility of carbohydrate samples continue to be severe problems. For quantitative analysis of carbohydrates, an effective analytical protocol providing superior data quality is necessary. This video demonstrates sample preparation protocols to improve signal intensity and minimize data variation of carbohydrates in MALDI-MS. After drying and crystallization of sample droplets, the crystal morphology is reformed by methanol before mass spectrometric analysis. The enhancement in carbohydrate signal is examined with MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Experimental results show that crystal reformation adjusts crystalline structures and redistributes carbohydrate analytes. In comparison with the dried droplet preparation method in conventional MALDI-MS, reforming carbohydrate crystal morphologies with methanol shows significantly better signal intensity, ion image distribution, and data stability. Since the protocols demonstrated herein do not involve changes in sample composition, they are generally applicable to various carbohydrates and matrixes.

A protocol for enhancing carbohydrate ion signals in MALDI mass spectrometry by reforming crystalline structures during sample preparation processes is demonstrated.

Sample preparation is a critical process in mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of carbohydrates. Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) ...

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug crisis in public health. Conventional urine drug testing based on a two-tier immunoassay screen followed by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method are expensive and prone to bias while being limited to targeted panels of known drugs of abuse (DoA). Herein, we outline an improved method for drug surveillance that allows for the resolution and detection of an expanded panel of DoA and their metabolites when using multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (MSI-CE-MS). Multiplexed separations of ten urine samples with a quality control by CE (&lt; 3 min/sample) in conjunction with full-scan data acquisition using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF-MS) under positive ion mode detection allows for the identification and quantification of DoA above recommended cut-off levels. An excellent resolution of drug isomers and isobars, including background interferences, are achieved when using MSI-CE-MS with an electrokinetic spacer between sample segments, where accurate mass/molecular formula together with the comigration of a matching deuterated internal standard and the detection of one or more bio-transformed metabolites facilitate DoA identification over a wider detection window. Additionally, urine samples can be analyzed directly without enzyme deconjugation for the rapid screening without complicated sample workup. MSI-CE-MS enables the surveillance of a broad spectrum of DoA that is required for the treatment monitoring of high-risk patients, including confirming prescribed drug adherence, revealing illicit drug use/substitution, and evaluating optimal dosage regimes as required for new advances in precision medicine.

Here we describe a high-throughput method for comprehensive drug surveillance that allows for the improved resolution and detection of large panels of drugs of abuse and their metabolites, with quality control based on multisegment injection-capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

New analytical methods are urgently needed to enable high-throughput, yet comprehensive drug screening, given an alarming opioid and prescription drug ...

Analysis of Complex Molecules and Their Reactions on Surfaces by Means of Cluster-Induced Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Desorption/Ionization Induced by Neutral SO2 Clusters (DINeC) is employed as a very soft and efficient desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry (MS) of complex molecules and their reactions on surfaces. DINeC is based on a beam of SO2 clusters impacting on the sample surface at low cluster energy. During cluster-surface impact, some of the surface molecules are desorbed and ionized via dissolvation in the impacting cluster; as a result of this dissolvation-mediated desorption mechanism, low cluster energy is sufficient and the desorption process is extremely soft. Both surface adsorbates and molecules of which the surface is composed of can be analyzed. Clear and fragmentation-free spectra from complex molecules such as peptides and proteins are obtained. DINeC does not require any special sample preparation, in particular no matrix has to be applied. The method yields quantitative information on the composition of the samples; molecules at a surface coverage as low as 0.1 % of a monolayer can be detected. Surface reactions such as H/D exchange or thermal decomposition can be observed in real-time and the kinetics of the reactions can be deduced. Using a pulsed nozzle for cluster beam generation, DINeC can be efficiently combined with ion trap mass spectrometry. The matrix-free and soft nature of the DINeC process in combination with the MSn capabilities of the ion trap allows for very detailed and unambiguous analysis of the chemical composition of complex organic samples and organic adsorbates on surfaces.

Neutral SO2 clusters of low kinetic energy (&#60; 0.8 eV/constituent) are used to desorb complex surface molecules such as peptides or lipids for further analysis by means of mass spectrometry using an ion trap mass spectrometer. No special sample preparation is required, and real-time observation of reactions is possible.