applications-eeg-neuroimaging-data-event-related-potentials-spectral

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

orienteering-as-a-tool-for-cognitive-research-an-implementation-guide

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

The sport of orienteering combines physical activity with spatial navigation. Using only a map and a compass, the orienteer must locate a series of ...

Baycrest

McMaster University

Cette &eacute;tude a utilis&eacute; une t&acirc;che correspondant &agrave; l&#39;emplacement pour &eacute;tudier si le visage N170 li&eacute;s aux &eacute;v&eacute;nements potentiel composant sensible pourrait s&#39;habituer dans sa r&eacute;ponse &agrave; la pr&eacute;sentation r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;e des m&ecirc;mes stimuli visage lorsque l&#39;identit&eacute; du visage &eacute;tait sans rapport avec la t&acirc;che exp&eacute;rimentale. N170 amplitude diminue progressivement avec la pr&eacute;sentation r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;e du m&ecirc;me visage contre pr&eacute;sentation s&eacute;quentielle de nouveaux visages. Cette accoutumance N170 &agrave; affronter la r&eacute;p&eacute;tition de l&#39;identit&eacute; s&#39;est produit seulement pour les visages des lieux sans surveillance spatiale, repr&eacute;sentant probablement une observation relativement pure du d&eacute;but automatique de traitement de visage.

Progressive N170 accoutumance aux faces r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;es sans surveillance.

Questo studio ha utilizzato un&#39;attivit&agrave; corrispondente posizione per indagare se la faccia N170 evento-correlato potenziale componente sensibile sarebbe abituato nella sua risposta alla ripetuta presentazione di stimoli volto stesso quando faccia identit&agrave; era irrilevante per l&#39;attivit&agrave; sperimentale. N170 ampiezza diminuita progressivamente con presentazione ripetuta della stessa faccia vs presentazione sequenziale di volti nuovi. Questa assuefazione N170 affrontare ripetizione di identit&agrave; si &egrave; verificato solo per le facce in localit&agrave; spaziale automatica, che rappresenta probabilmente una relativamente pura osservazione del trattamento viso inizio automatico.

N170 progressiva assuefazione alle facce ripetute incustoditi.

This study utilized a location-matching task to investigate whether the face-sensitive N170 event-related potential component would habituate in its response to the repeated presentation of same face stimuli when face identity was irrelevant to the experimental task. N170 amplitude decreased progressively with repeated presentation of the same face vs. sequential presentation of novel faces. This N170 habituation to face identity repetition occurred only for faces at unattended spatial locations, likely representing a relatively pure observation of automatic early face processing.

Progressive N170 habituation to unattended repeated faces.

The N170 event-related potential component is currently under investigation for its role in face identity processing. Using a location-matching paradigm, in which face identity is task irrelevant, we observed a progressive decrease in N170 amplitude to multiple repetitions of upright faces presented at unattended locations. In contrast, we did not observe N170 habituation for repeat presentations of inverted faces. The findings suggest that the N170 repetition effects reflect early face identity processes that are part of familiarity acquisition of new faces.

Automatic face identity encoding at the N170.

Le composant potentiel li&eacute;s &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;v&eacute;nement N170 est actuellement sous enqu&ecirc;te pour son r&ocirc;le dans la transformation d&#39;identit&eacute; visage. &Agrave; l&#39;aide d&#39;un paradigme correspondant &agrave; l&#39;emplacement, dans quel visage identit&eacute; est t&acirc;che hors de propos, nous avons observ&eacute; une diminution progressive de l&#39;amplitude N170 &agrave; plusieurs r&eacute;p&eacute;titions de faces dress&eacute;es pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s aux endroits sans surveillance. En revanche, nous n&#39;avons pas observ&eacute; N170 accoutumance pour r&eacute;p&eacute;ter pr&eacute;sentations des visages invers&eacute;s. Les r&eacute;sultats sugg&egrave;rent que les effets de r&eacute;p&eacute;tition N170 repr&eacute;sentent les premiers processus d&#39;identit&eacute; de visage qui font partie de l&#39;acquisition de la connaissance de nouveaux visages.

Identit&eacute; de visage automatique de codage &agrave; la N170.

La componente potenziale evento-correlato N170 &egrave; attualmente sotto inchiesta per il suo ruolo nell&#39;elaborazione di identit&agrave; del viso. Utilizzando un paradigma corrispondente posizione, nella quale faccia identit&agrave; &egrave; compito irrilevante, abbiamo osservato una progressiva diminuzione di ampiezza N170 a pi&ugrave; ripetizioni delle facce verticali presentati in luoghi non presidiati. Al contrario, non osserviamo N170 assuefazione per presentazioni ripetizione di facce invertite. I risultati suggeriscono che gli effetti di ripetizione N170 riflettono i primi processi di identit&agrave; faccia che fanno parte dell&#39;acquisizione di familiarit&agrave; dei volti nuovi.

Identit&agrave; viso automatico codifica presso il N170.

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded using a large electrode array while subjects engaged in tasks designed to dissociate control from storage/maintenance processes in verbal working memory (WM). Increased ERP negativity (450-900 ms post-stimulus onset) over left frontal regions emerged only when required dynamic updating/revision of WM stores was initiated, with augmentation of right frontal negativity in the same epoch relative to more general overall task demands. Increased ERP positivity in a similar time window over parietal regions reflected initiation of required rehearsal/maintenance of memory set contents, with progressive amplitude increases with repeated dynamic updating/revision of memory stores, suggesting increased effortful activity to resist proactive interference effects. These findings are consistent with a left frontal-parietal network for process control in verbal working memory.

Control processes in verbal working memory: an event-related potential study.

Potentiels li&eacute;s &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;v&eacute;nement (ERPs) ont &eacute;t&eacute; enregistr&eacute;s en utilisant un tableau de grande &eacute;lectrode tandis que des sujets engag&eacute;s dans des t&acirc;ches con&ccedil;ues pour dissocier le contr&ocirc;le du processus de stockage/maintenance dans la m&eacute;moire de travail verbale (WM). N&eacute;gativit&eacute; ERP accrue (apparition de post de 450-900 ms) sur les r&eacute;gions frontales gauche a &eacute;merg&eacute; seulement quand n&eacute;cessaire dynamique mise &agrave; jour/r&eacute;vision des magasins WM a &eacute;t&eacute; lanc&eacute;e, avec l&#39;augmentation de la n&eacute;gativit&eacute; droite frontale &agrave; la m&ecirc;me &eacute;poque par rapport &agrave; des demandes de t&acirc;che globale plus g&eacute;n&eacute;rales. Augmentation positivit&eacute; ERP dans une fen&ecirc;tre de temps similaires sur les r&eacute;gions pari&eacute;tales refl&egrave;te initiation de r&eacute;p&eacute;tition/entretien requis de contenu m&eacute;moire d&#39;ensemble, avec des augmentations d&#39;amplitude progressif avec r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute;es dynamique mise &agrave; jour/r&eacute;vision des magasins de m&eacute;moire, ce qui sugg&egrave;re une activit&eacute; active accrue pour r&eacute;sister aux effets d&#39;interf&eacute;rence proactive. Ces r&eacute;sultats sont compatibles avec un r&eacute;seau de frontal-pari&eacute;tal gauche pour le contr&ocirc;le de processus dans la m&eacute;moire de travail verbale.

Contr&ocirc;ler le processus dans la m&eacute;moire de travail verbale : un event-related potential study.

Potenziali evento-correlati (ERP) sono stati registrati utilizzando una matrice di elettrodi grandi mentre soggetti impegnati in attivit&agrave; progettata per dissociare il controllo dei processi di conservazione e manutenzione nella memoria di lavoro verbale (WM). Aumentata negativit&agrave; ERP (450-900 ms post-stimulus insorgenza) sulle regioni frontale sinistro &egrave; emerso solo quando richiesto dinamico aggiornamento/revisione di WM negozi &egrave; stato avviato, con aumento della negativit&agrave; destra frontale nella stessa epoca rispetto alla complessiva attivit&agrave; pi&ugrave; generali esigenze. Maggiore positivit&agrave; ERP in una finestra di tempo simile sulle regioni parietale riflessa iniziazione di richiesta prove/manutenzione del set contenuto della memoria, con aumenti di ampiezza progressiva con ripetute dinamico aggiornamento/revisione della memoria negozi, suggerendo attivit&agrave; aumentata fruttuoso per resistere ad effetti di interferenza proattiva. Questi risultati sono coerenti con una rete frontale-parietale sinistra per controllo di processo nella memoria di lavoro verbale.

Controllo dei processi in memoria di lavoro verbale: uno studio di potenziale evento-correlati.

The present study reveals changes in eye movement patterns as newly learned faces become more familiar. Observers received multiple exposures to newly learned faces over four consecutive days. Recall tasks were performed on all 4 days, and a recognition task was performed on the fourth day. Eye movement behavior was compared across facial exposure and task type. Overall, the eyes were viewed for longer and more often than any other facial region, regardless of face familiarity. As a face became more familiar, observers made fewer fixations during recall and recognition. With increased exposure, observers sampled more from the eyes and sampled less from the nose, mouth, forehead, chin, and cheek regions. Interestingly, this change in scanning behavior was only observed for recall tasks, but not for recognition.

More efficient scanning for familiar faces.

La pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude r&eacute;v&egrave;le des changements dans les habitudes de d&eacute;placement des yeux a appris en tant que nouveaux visages sont familiariser. Observateurs ont re&ccedil;u des expositions multiples visages nouvellement acquises pendant quatre jours cons&eacute;cutifs. Rappel des t&acirc;ches ont &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;es sur tous les 4 jours, et une t&acirc;che de reconnaissance s&#39;est d&eacute;roul&eacute;e sur le quatri&egrave;me jour. Comportement de mouvement oculaire a &eacute;t&eacute; compar&eacute;e &agrave; travers l&#39;exposition du visage et du type de t&acirc;che. Dans l&#39;ensemble, les yeux ont &eacute;t&eacute; lus pour plus longtemps et plus souvent que toute autre r&eacute;gion du visage, quelle que soit la familiarit&eacute; du visage. Comme un visage est devenu plus familier, observateurs prennent moins de fixations au cours de rappel et de reconnaissance. Avec l&#39;augmentation de l&#39;exposition, observateurs pr&eacute;lev&eacute; plus dans les yeux et &eacute;chantillonn&eacute;s moins du nez, bouche, front, menton et r&eacute;gions joue. Fait int&eacute;ressant, ce changement dans le comportement d&#39;analyse a &eacute;t&eacute; seulement observ&eacute; pour des t&acirc;ches de rappel, mais pas pour la reconnaissance.

Un balayage plus efficace de visages familiers.

Il presente studio rivela cambiamenti nei modelli di movimento degli occhi come appena imparato volti diventano pi&ugrave; familiari. Osservatori ricevuto esposizioni multiple a facce appena imparati per quattro giorni consecutivi. Operazioni di richiamo sono stati eseguiti su tutti i 4 giorni, e un compito di riconoscimento &egrave; stato eseguito sulla quarta giornata. Comportamento del movimento degli occhi &egrave; stato confrontato attraverso l&#39;esposizione del viso e tipo di attivit&agrave;. Nel complesso, gli occhi sono stati visti per pi&ugrave; e pi&ugrave; spesso rispetto a qualsiasi altra regione facciale, indipendentemente dalla familiarit&agrave; del viso. Come un volto &egrave; diventato pi&ugrave; familiare, osservatori fatto meno fissazioni durante il richiamo e il riconoscimento. Con maggiore esposizione, gli osservatori pi&ugrave; campionate dagli occhi e campionati meno da naso, bocca, fronte, mento e regioni guancia. Curiosamente, questo cambiamento nel comportamento di scansione &egrave; stato osservato solo per le attivit&agrave; di richiamo, ma non per il riconoscimento.

Pi&ugrave; efficienti di scansione per volti familiari.

Face processing changes when a face is learned with personally relevant information. In a five-day learning paradigm, faces were presented with rich semantic stories that conveyed personal information about the faces. Event-related potentials were recorded before and after learning during a passive viewing task. When faces were novel, we observed the expected N170 repetition effect-a reduction in amplitude following face repetition. However, when faces were learned with personal information, the N170 repetition effect was eliminated, suggesting that semantic information modulates the N170 repetition effect. To control for the possibility that a simple perceptual effect contributed to the change in the N170 repetition effect, another experiment was conducted using stories that were not related to the person (i.e., stories about rocks and volcanoes). Although viewers were exposed to the faces an equal amount of time, the typical N170 repetition effect was observed, indicating that personal semantic information associated with a face, and not simply perceptual exposure, produced the observed reduction in the N170 repetition effect. These results are the first to reveal a critical perceptual change in face processing as a result of learning person-related information. The results have important implications for researchers studying face processing, as well as learning and memory in general, as they demonstrate that perceptual information alone is not enough to establish familiarity akin to real-world person learning.

Semantic learning modifies perceptual face processing.

Contrary to popular beliefs, a recent empirical study using eye tracking has shown that a non-clinical sample of socially anxious adults did not avoid the eyes during face scanning. Using eye-tracking measures, we sought to extend these findings by examining the relation between stable shyness and face scanning patterns in a non-clinical sample of 11-year-old children. We found that shyness was associated with longer dwell time to the eye region than the mouth, suggesting that some shy children were not avoiding the eyes. Shyness was also correlated with fewer first fixations to the nose, which is thought to reflect the typical global strategy of face processing. Present results replicate and extend recent work on social anxiety and face scanning in adults to shyness in children. These preliminary findings also provide support for the notion that some shy children may be hypersensitive to detecting social cues and intentions in others conveyed by the eyes. Theoretical and practical implications for understanding the social cognitive correlates and treatment of shyness are discussed.

Shyness and face scanning in children.

Contrairement &agrave; la croyance populaire, une r&eacute;cente &eacute;tude empirique &agrave; l&#39;aide d&#39;eye tracking a montr&eacute; qu&#39;un &eacute;chantillon non clinique des adultes anxieux socialement n&#39;a pas &eacute;vit&eacute; les yeux lors de la num&eacute;risation du visage. &Agrave; l&#39;aide de mesures de l&#39;eye-tracking, nous avons cherch&eacute; &agrave; &eacute;tendre ces r&eacute;sultats en examinant la relation stable timidit&eacute; / visage num&eacute;risation de motifs dans un &eacute;chantillon non clinique de l&#39;enfant de 11 ans. Nous avons trouv&eacute; que la timidit&eacute; est associ&eacute;e plus longue dur&eacute;e de parcours de la r&eacute;gion de le &oelig;il que la bouche, ce qui sugg&egrave;re que certains enfants timides n&#39;&eacute;taient pas &eacute;vitant les yeux. Timidit&eacute; est aussi corr&eacute;l&eacute;e avec moins de premi&egrave;res fixations au nez, qui semble refl&eacute;ter la strat&eacute;gie globale typique du traitement du visage. Pr&eacute;senter les r&eacute;sultats r&eacute;pliquent et &eacute;tendent les travaux r&eacute;cents sur l&#39;anxi&eacute;t&eacute; sociale et visage balayage chez les adultes &agrave; la timidit&eacute; chez les enfants. Ces constatations pr&eacute;liminaires aussi soutenir l&#39;id&eacute;e que certains enfants timides peuvent &ecirc;tre hypersensibles &agrave; la d&eacute;tection des signaux sociaux et intentions dans d&#39;autres v&eacute;hicul&eacute;e par les yeux. Les auteurs discutent les implications th&eacute;oriques et pratiques pour comprendre les corr&eacute;lats cognitifs sociaux et le traitement de la timidit&eacute;.

Timidit&eacute; et visage d&#39;analyse chez les enfants.

Contrariamente alle credenze popolari, un recente studio empirico utilizzando eye tracking ha dimostrato che un campione non clinico di adulti socialmente ansiosi non ha fatto evitare gli occhi durante la scansione del viso. Mediante misure di eye-tracking, abbiamo cercato di estendere questi risultati esaminando la relazione tra timidezza stabile e faccia scansione modelli in un campione non clinico di 11-anno-vecchi bambini. Abbiamo trovato che la timidezza &egrave; stato associato con pi&ugrave; lungo tempo di sosta nella regione degli occhi rispetto alla bocca, suggerendo che alcuni bambini timido non erano evitando gli occhi. Timidezza &egrave; stata anche correlata con meno prime fissazioni per il naso, che &egrave; pensato per riflettere la tipica strategia globale del trattamento viso. Risultati presenti replicano ed estendono il recente lavoro sul viso negli adulti per timidezza nei bambini la scansione e l&#39;ansia sociale. Questi risultati preliminari forniscono anche supporto per l&#39;idea che alcuni bambini timidi possono essere ipersensibili al rilevamento di spunti sociali e intenzioni in altri trasportato dagli occhi. Vengono discusse le implicazioni teoriche e pratiche per comprendere il sociale cognitiva correla e trattamento di timidezza.

Timidezza e faccia la scansione nei bambini.

Over the past decade, neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies of working memory (WM) have made progress in distinguishing the neural substrates of central executive (CE) functions from substrates of temporary storage subsystems. However, the degree to which CE-related processes and their substrates may be further fractionated is less clear. The present study measured event-related potentials (ERPs) in a running memory paradigm, to study modality-specific CE-related processes in verbal and spatial WM. Participants were asked to remember either verbal (digit identity) or spatial (digit location) information for the first or last three items in a variable length sequence of spatially distributed digit stimuli. Modality-specific WM demand-sensitive ERP amplitude effects were selectively observed over left prefrontal areas under verbal WM performance and over right prefrontal areas under spatial WM performance. In addition, distinct patterns of item-by-item sensitivity under high-CE-demand conditions suggested qualitatively different processing strategies for verbal versus spatial tasks. These results suggest that both modality-specific and task-general CE-related processes are likely operational in many WM situations and that careful dissociative methods will be needed to properly further fractionate and characterize these component CE-related processes and their neurological substrates.

Modality-specific control processes in verbal versus spatial working memory.

Ces dix derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es, neuro-imagerie et m&eacute;moire de travail (WM), des &eacute;tudes &eacute;lectrophysiologiques ont progress&eacute; en distinguant les substrats neurones des fonctions centrales d&#39;ex&eacute;cutifs (CE) des substrats des sous-syst&egrave;mes de stockage temporaire. Toutefois, le degr&eacute; auquel li&eacute;es &agrave; CE processus et leurs substrats peuvent &ecirc;tre plus fractionn&eacute;s est moins clair. La pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude mesur&eacute; des potentiels li&eacute;s &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;v&eacute;nement (ERPs) dans un paradigme de m&eacute;moire en cours d&#39;ex&eacute;cution, d&#39;&eacute;tudier les modalit&eacute; sp&eacute;cifique li&eacute;es &agrave; CE processus en verbal et spatial WM. Participants ont &eacute;t&eacute; invit&eacute;s &agrave; retenir soit verbale (identit&eacute; de chiffres) ou spatial information (emplacement de chiffres) pour les premiers ou le derniers trois &eacute;l&eacute;ments dans une s&eacute;quence de longueur variable de stimuli distribu&eacute;es spatialement &agrave; chiffres. Modalit&eacute; sp&eacute;cifique WM demande ERP amplitude s&eacute;lectivement observ&eacute; des effets sur les zones pr&eacute;frontal gauche sous performances verbales de WM et sur des surfaces pr&eacute;frontal droit sous performances spatiales de WM. En outre, des profils distincts de sensibilit&eacute; point par point dans des conditions de forte demande-CE sugg&egrave;rent traitement qualitativement diff&eacute;rentes strat&eacute;gies pour verbal par rapport aux missions spatiales. Ces r&eacute;sultats sugg&egrave;rent que les modalit&eacute; sp&eacute;cifique t&acirc;che g&eacute;n&eacute;rale li&eacute;es &agrave; CE processus et sont probables op&eacute;rationnel dans de nombreuses situations de WM et qu&#39;il faudrait m&eacute;thodes dissociatives prudents bien davantage fractionner et caract&eacute;risent ces processus de li&eacute;s &agrave; CE composant et leurs substrats neurologiques.

Processus de contr&ocirc;le de la modalit&eacute; sp&eacute;cifique dans verbal par rapport &agrave; la m&eacute;moire de travail spatiale.

Nell&#39;ultimo decennio, Studi elettrofisiologici della memoria di lavoro (WM) e neuroimaging hanno fatto progressi nel distinguere i substrati neurali di centrale funzioni esecutive (CE) da substrati di sottosistemi di archiviazione temporanea. Tuttavia, il grado a cui i processi correlati a CE e loro substrati possono essere ulteriormente frazionati &egrave; meno chiaro. Il presente studio misurati potenziali evento-correlati (ERP) in un paradigma di memoria in esecuzione, di studiare i processi correlati a CE modalit&agrave; specifiche nel verbale e spaziale WM. partecipanti &egrave; stato chiesto di ricordare sia verbali (identit&agrave; cifre) o spaziali (cifre) informazioni per i primi o l&#39;ultimi tre elementi in una sequenza di lunghezza variabile di stimoli spazialmente distribuita a cifre. Sopra aree prefrontale sinistra sotto prestazioni WM verbale e sulle aree prefrontale destra sotto prestazioni WM spaziali, sono stati osservati selettivamente specifiche modalit&agrave; WM sensibili domanda ERP ampiezza effetti. Inoltre, modelli distinti di sensibilit&agrave; di un elemento in condizioni di alta-CE-domanda suggerito elaborazione qualitativamente differenti strategie per verbali contro attivit&agrave; spaziali. Questi risultati suggeriscono che compito generale e modalit&agrave; specifici processi correlati a CE sono probabilmente operativa in molte situazioni di WM e che saranno necessari attenti metodi dissociativi correttamente ulteriormente frazionare e caratterizzano questi processi componente CE e loro substrati neurologici.

Specifiche modalit&agrave; di controllo di processi nel verbale versus spaziale memoria di lavoro.

The present study captures the dynamics of neural processing across positively contingent, negatively contingent, and noncontingent relations. In the setting of a hypothetical chat room conversation, participants rated the contingency of emotional response between two individuals. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were time-locked to the onset of each emotional event. Although each event alone was ambiguous regarding contingency, its neural response was characteristic of the overall contingent relation and the subsequent contingency rating. Very early displays of contingency modified the ERP anterior N1 (AN1) component amplitude. In contrast, the ERP selection negativity (SN) component amplitude seemed to be more sensitive to display properties than contingency. Our results point to the recruitment of early attentional processes for contingency judgement and highlight the efficiency of statistical information processing.

Neural temporal dynamics of contingency judgement.

La pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude saisit la dynamique du traitement neural dans l&#39;ensemble de relations &eacute;ventuels positivement, n&eacute;gativement contingente et noncontingent. Dans le cadre d&#39;une conversation hypoth&eacute;tique salon de discussion, les participants ont &eacute;valu&eacute; l&#39;&eacute;ventualit&eacute; d&#39;une r&eacute;action &eacute;motionnelle entre deux individus. Potentiels li&eacute;s &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;v&eacute;nement (ERPs) &eacute;taient sans littoral temps jusqu&#39;au d&eacute;but de chaque &eacute;v&eacute;nement &eacute;motionnel. Bien que chaque &eacute;v&eacute;nement seul &eacute;tait ambigu&euml; au sujet de la contingence, sa r&eacute;ponse neuronale &eacute;tait caract&eacute;ristique de la relation du contingent global et la notation d&#39;intervention ult&eacute;rieure. Affiche tr&egrave;s t&ocirc;t de contingence modifi&eacute; le N1 ant&eacute;rieur de l&#39;ERP (AN1) amplitude de composant. En revanche, l&#39;amplitude de composant de n&eacute;gativit&eacute; (SN) de s&eacute;lection ERP semblait &ecirc;tre plus sensibles &agrave; la contingence des propri&eacute;t&eacute;s d&#39;affichage. Nos r&eacute;sultats, pointent sur le recrutement des premiers processus attentionnels pour arr&ecirc;t d&#39;urgence et mettre en &eacute;vidence l&#39;efficacit&eacute; du traitement de l&#39;information statistique.

Neurale dynamique temporelle d&#39;arr&ecirc;t d&#39;urgence.

Il presente studio acquisisce le dinamiche di elaborazione neurale attraverso relazioni positivamente condizionate, negativamente contingente e noncontingent. Nella cornice di una conversazione ipotetica chat room, i partecipanti valutato la contingenza della risposta emotiva tra due individui. Potenziali evento-correlati (ERP) sono stati bloccati a tempo per l&#39;insorgenza di ogni evento emotivo. Anche se solo ogni evento era ambigua per quanto riguarda la contingenza, sua risposta neurale era caratteristico del rapporto contingente complessivo e la valutazione di contingenza successiva. Display molto precoce di contingenza modificato il N1 anteriore ERP ampiezza componente (AN1). Al contrario, l&#39;ampiezza di componente ERP selezione negativit&agrave; (SN) sembrava essere pi&ugrave; sensibile per visualizzare le propriet&agrave; di contingenza. I nostri risultati punto al reclutamento dei primi processi di attenzione per giudizio contingenza ed evidenziano l&#39;efficienza di elaborazione dell&#39;informazione statistica.

Neurali dinamiche temporali di giudizio contingenza.

&Auml;ltere Erwachsene unterscheiden sich von ihren j&uuml;ngeren Kollegen in wie sie Gesichter sehen. Wir gepr&uuml;ft, ob &auml;ltere Erwachsene Erfahrungen der Vergangenheit verwenden k&ouml;nnen, um diese typische Gesicht-Verarbeitung-Unterschiede zu verringern; Das hei&szlig;t, haben wir gepr&uuml;ft, ob altersbedingte Unterschiede in der Verwendung von Speicher, aktuelle Verarbeitung zu unterst&uuml;tzen. Augenbewegungen der &auml;lteren und j&uuml;ngeren Erwachsenen wurden &uuml;berwacht, wie sie Gesichter, die vielf&auml;ltig in/Betrag der vorherigen Exposition angesehen. Vorherige Exposition wurde durch einschlie&szlig;lich bekannte und neue Gesichter und durch die Darstellung von Gesichtern bis zu f&uuml;nf Mal manipuliert. Wir erwarten, dass &auml;ltere Erwachsene Schwierigkeiten schnell zur Gr&uuml;ndung neuer Vertretungen bei der Verarbeitung der k&uuml;rzlich vorgestellten Gesichter haben k&ouml;nnen, aber w&auml;re in der Lage sein Gesicht Vertretungen aufgerufen, die im Speicher vor langer Zeit die Hilfe bei der Verarbeitung von bekannten Gesichtern gespeichert wurden. In der Tat angezeigt j&uuml;ngere Erwachsene Auswirkungen der j&uuml;ngsten Enth&uuml;llungen mit einem R&uuml;ckgang der gesamten Fixierungen auf den Gesichtern und eine schrittweise Erh&ouml;hung des Anteils der Aufzeichnungen zu den Augen. Diese Auswirkungen der j&uuml;ngsten Enth&uuml;llungen waren weitgehend abwesend in den &auml;lteren Erwachsenen. Dagegen war die Wirkung des Ruhmes, offenbart durch eine subtile Fixierungen auf die inneren Funktionen des ber&uuml;hmten im Vergleich zu nicht-bekannte Gesichter, &auml;hnlich f&uuml;r j&uuml;ngere und &auml;ltere Erwachsene. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass &auml;ltere Erwachsene aktuelle Verarbeitung von Erfahrung, profitieren jedoch der volle Nutzen aus der j&uuml;ngsten Erfahrungen &uuml;ber Gesicht-Verarbeitung nicht in den &auml;lteren Erwachsenen realisiert wird.

Die Auswirkungen einer vorherigen auf Gesicht, die Verarbeitung in j&uuml;ngere und &auml;ltere Erwachsene.

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Older adults differ from their younger counterparts in the way they view faces. We assessed whether older adults can use past experience to mitigate these typical face-processing differences; that is, we examined whether there are age-related differences in the use of memory to support current processing. Eye movements of older and younger adults were monitored as they viewed faces that varied in the type/amount of prior exposure. Prior exposure was manipulated by including famous and novel faces, and by presenting faces up to five times. We expected that older adults may have difficulty quickly establishing new representations to aid in the processing of recently presented faces, but would be able to invoke face representations that have been stored in memory long ago to aid in the processing of famous faces. Indeed, younger adults displayed effects of recent exposure with a decrease in the total fixations to the faces and a gradual increase in the proportion of fixations to the eyes. These effects of recent exposure were largely absent in older adults. In contrast, the effect of fame, revealed by a subtle increase in fixations to the inner features of famous compared to non-famous faces, was similar for younger and older adults. Our results suggest that older adults' current processing can benefit from lifetime experience, however the full benefit of recent experience on face processing is not realized in older adults.

The effects of prior exposure on face processing in younger and older adults.

Personnes &acirc;g&eacute;es diff&egrave;rent de leurs coll&egrave;gues plus jeunes dans la fa&ccedil;on dont ils voient des visages. Nous avons &eacute;valu&eacute; si les adultes plus &acirc;g&eacute;s peuvent utiliser des exp&eacute;riences pass&eacute;es afin d&#39;att&eacute;nuer ces diff&eacute;rences de traitement visage typiques ; autrement dit, nous avons examin&eacute; s&#39;il existe des diff&eacute;rences li&eacute;es &agrave; l&#39;&acirc;ge dans l&#39;utilisation de la m&eacute;moire pour soutenir le traitement actuel. Les mouvements des yeux des adultes plus &acirc;g&eacute;s et plus jeunes ont &eacute;t&eacute; surveill&eacute;s car ils ont regard&eacute; les visages variant type/montant de l&#39;exposition ant&eacute;rieure. Une exposition pr&eacute;alable a &eacute;t&eacute; manipul&eacute;e par le c&eacute;l&egrave;bre et nouveaux visages et en pr&eacute;sentant les visages jusqu&#39;&agrave; cinq fois. Nous nous attendions que les adultes plus &acirc;g&eacute;s peuvent avoir des difficult&eacute;s &agrave; &eacute;tablir rapidement des nouvelles repr&eacute;sentations afin de faciliter le traitement des visages r&eacute;cemment pr&eacute;sent&eacute;s, mais seraient en mesure d&#39;invoquer les repr&eacute;sentations de visage qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; stock&eacute;es dans la m&eacute;moire longtemps afin de faciliter le traitement des visages c&eacute;l&egrave;bres. En effet, les adultes plus jeunes affichent effets d&#39;une exposition r&eacute;cente avec une diminution totales fixations les visages et une augmentation progressive de la proportion de fixations pour les yeux. Ces effets d&#39;une exposition r&eacute;cente &eacute;taient largement absentes chez les adultes plus &acirc;g&eacute;s. En revanche, l&#39;effet de la gloire, r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute;e par une augmentation subtile sur les fixations des caract&eacute;ristiques internes du c&eacute;l&egrave;bre par rapport aux faces non c&eacute;l&egrave;bres, &eacute;tait similaire pour les adultes plus jeunes et plus &acirc;g&eacute;s. Nos r&eacute;sultats sugg&egrave;rent que le traitement actuel des a&epsilon;n&Theta;s peut b&eacute;n&eacute;ficier d&#39;exp&eacute;rience de la vie, mais profiter pleinement de l&#39;exp&eacute;rience r&eacute;cente sur le traitement du visage n&#39;est pas r&eacute;alis&eacute; dans des adultes plus &acirc;g&eacute;s.

Les effets d&#39;une exposition ant&eacute;rieure sur le visage de traitement chez les adultes plus jeunes et plus &acirc;g&eacute;s.

Gli adulti pi&ugrave; anziani differiscono dalle loro controparti pi&ugrave; giovani in modo che mostra volti. Abbiamo valutato se gli adulti pi&ugrave; anziani possono utilizzare esperienza passata a mitigare queste differenze di trattamento viso tipiche; cio&egrave;, abbiamo esaminato se ci sono differenze legate all&#39;et&agrave; nell&#39;uso della memoria per supportare l&#39;elaborazione corrente. Movimenti oculari degli adulti pi&ugrave; anziani e pi&ugrave; giovani sono stati monitorati hanno visto facce che variava in quantit&agrave;/tipo di precedente esposizione. Precedente esposizione fu manipolato da compresi volti famosi e romanzo e presentando volti fino a cinque volte. Ci aspettavamo che gli adulti pi&ugrave; anziani possono avere difficolt&agrave; di stabilire rapidamente nuove rappresentazioni di aiuto nel trattamento dei volti ha recentemente presentati, ma sarebbero in grado di richiamare le rappresentazioni del volto che sono stati memorizzati nella memoria molto tempo fa per aiutare nell&#39;elaborazione di volti famosi. Infatti, giovani adulti visualizzati gli effetti della recente esposizione con una diminuzione del totale fissazioni per le facce e un graduale aumento della percentuale di fissazioni agli occhi. Questi effetti della recente esposizione erano in gran parte assenti in adulti pi&ugrave; anziani. Al contrario, l&#39;effetto di fama, rivelato da un sottile aumento fissazioni per le caratteristiche interne del famoso rispetto alle facce non-famosi, era simile per gli adulti giovani e anziani. I nostri risultati suggeriscono che elaborazione corrente gli adulti pi&ugrave; anziani pu&ograve; trarre vantaggio dall&#39;esperienza di vita, tuttavia il beneficio completo di recente esperienza sul trattamento del viso non &egrave; realizzato in adulti pi&ugrave; anziani.

Gli effetti della precedente esposizione sul viso trattamento negli adulti giovani e anziani.

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Los adultos mayores difieren de sus contrapartes m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes en el camino que ven caras. Se evalu&oacute; si los adultos mayores pueden utilizar la experiencia para mitigar estas diferencias t&iacute;picas del proceso de la cara; es decir, examinamos si existen diferencias relacionadas con la edad en el uso de memoria para apoyar el actual proceso. Movimientos de los ojos de los adultos mayores y menores fueron supervisados visto caras que variaron en el tipo/cantidad de exposici&oacute;n previa. Exposici&oacute;n previa fue manipulada por con caras famosas y novedosas y presentando caras hasta cinco veces. Esper&aacute;bamos que los adultos mayores pueden tener dificultades para establecer r&aacute;pidamente nuevas representaciones para ayudar en el procesamiento de caras recientemente presentados, pero ser&iacute;an capaces de invocar las representaciones de la cara que se han almacenado en la memoria hace mucho para ayudar en el procesamiento de caras famosas. De hecho, adultos m&aacute;s j&oacute;venes muestran efectos de la exposici&oacute;n reciente a una disminuci&oacute;n de las fijaciones totales a las caras y un aumento gradual en la proporci&oacute;n de las fijaciones de los ojos. Estos efectos de la exposici&oacute;n reciente estaban ausentes en los adultos mayores. En cambio, el efecto de la fama, revelado por un sutil aumento en fijaciones a las caracter&iacute;sticas internas de famosos comparado con caras no conocidas, fue similar para adultos j&oacute;venes y mayores. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el proceso actual de los adultos mayores puede beneficiarse de experiencia de vida, sin embargo el beneficio total de la experiencia reciente en el proceso de la cara no se realiza en los adultos mayores.

Los efectos de la exposici&oacute;n previa en cara tratamiento en adultos j&oacute;venes y mayores.

We assessed the hypothesis that brain signal variability is a reflection of functional network reconfiguration during memory processing. In the present experiments, we use multiscale entropy to capture the variability of human electroencephalogram (EEG) while manipulating the knowledge representation associated with faces stored in memory. Across two experiments, we observed increased variability as a function of greater knowledge representation. In Experiment 1, individuals with greater familiarity for a group of famous faces displayed more brain signal variability. In Experiment 2, brain signal variability increased with learning after multiple experimental exposures to previously unfamiliar faces. The results demonstrate that variability increases with face familiarity; cognitive processes during the perception of familiar stimuli may engage a broader network of regions, which manifests as higher complexity/variability in spatial and temporal domains. In addition, effects of repetition suppression on brain signal variability were observed, and the pattern of results is consistent with a selectivity model of neural adaptation.

Relating brain signal variability to knowledge representation.

Nous avons &eacute;valu&eacute; l&#39;hypoth&egrave;se que la variabilit&eacute; de signal de cerveau est le reflet de la reconfiguration de r&eacute;seau fonctionnel pendant le traitement de la m&eacute;moire. Dans ces exp&eacute;riences, nous utilisons entropie multi-&eacute;chelles pour capturer la variabilit&eacute; des humain &eacute;lectroenc&eacute;phalogramme (EEG) tout en manipulant la repr&eacute;sentation des connaissances associ&eacute;e aux visages stock&eacute;s dans la m&eacute;moire. Dans les deux exp&eacute;riences, nous avons observ&eacute; une variabilit&eacute; accrue en fonction d&#39;une plus grande repr&eacute;sentation des connaissances. Dans l&#39;exp&eacute;rience 1, individus avec une plus grande familiarit&eacute; pour un groupe de visages c&eacute;l&egrave;bres affichent plus variabilit&eacute; de signal de cerveau. Dans l&#39;exp&eacute;rience 2, variabilit&eacute; du signal cerveau augmentait avec apprentissage apr&egrave;s plusieurs expositions exp&eacute;rimentales &agrave; pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment des visages inconnus. Les r&eacute;sultats d&eacute;montrent que la variabilit&eacute; augmente avec la familiarit&eacute; du visage ; les processus cognitifs au cours de la perception des stimuli familiers peuvent se livrer &agrave; un r&eacute;seau plus large des r&eacute;gions, qui se manifeste par la complexit&eacute;/variabilit&eacute; plus &eacute;lev&eacute;e dans les domaines spatiaux et temporels. En outre, les effets de la suppression de la r&eacute;p&eacute;tition sur la variabilit&eacute; du signal cerveau ont &eacute;t&eacute; observ&eacute;s, et l&#39;ensemble des effets est conforme &agrave; un mod&egrave;le de s&eacute;lectivit&eacute; d&#39;adaptation neuronaux.

Variabilit&eacute; de signal cerveau ayant trait &agrave; la repr&eacute;sentation des connaissances.

Abbiamo valutato l&#39;ipotesi che la variabilit&agrave; del segnale cerebrale &egrave; un riflesso della riconfigurazione funzionale rete durante l&#39;elaborazione della memoria. Negli esperimenti presenti, usiamo entropia multiscala per catturare la variabilit&agrave; dell&#39;umano elettroencefalogramma (EEG) durante la manipolazione la rappresentazione della conoscenza associata volti archiviati in memoria. Attraverso due esperimenti, abbiamo osservato la maggiore variabilit&agrave; in funzione di una maggiore rappresentazione della conoscenza. Nell&#39;esperimento 1, individui con una maggiore familiarit&agrave; per un gruppo di volti famosi visualizzati pi&ugrave; variabilit&agrave; di segnale cerebrale. Nell&#39;esperimento 2, variabilit&agrave; del segnale cerebrale aumentato con volti sconosciuti di apprendimento dopo esposizioni multiple sperimentale in precedenza. I risultati dimostrano che la variabilit&agrave; aumenta con familiarit&agrave; faccia; i processi cognitivi durante la percezione di stimoli familiari possono esercitare una pi&ugrave; ampia rete di regioni, che si manifesta con maggiore complessit&agrave;/variabilit&agrave; nei domini spaziali e temporali. Inoltre, sono stati osservati effetti di soppressione di ripetizione sulla variabilit&agrave; del segnale cerebrale, e il modello dei risultati &egrave; coerenza con un modello di selettivit&agrave; di adattamento neurale.

Relativa variabilit&agrave; segnale cerebrali di rappresentazione della conoscenza.

Recognition-memory tests reveal individual differences in episodic memory; however, by themselves, these tests provide little information regarding the stage (or stages) in memory processing at which differences are manifested. We used eye-tracking technology, together with a recognition paradigm, to achieve a more detailed analysis of visual processing during encoding and retrieval. Although this approach may be useful for assessing differences in memory across many different populations, we focused on sex differences in face memory. Females outperformed males on recognition-memory tests, and this advantage was directly related to females' scanning behavior at encoding. Moreover, additional exposures to the faces reduced sex differences in face recognition, which suggests that males may be able to improve their recognition memory by extracting more information at encoding through increased scanning. A strategy of increased scanning at encoding may prove to be a simple way to enhance memory performance in other populations with memory impairment.

Females Scan More Than Males: A Potential Mechanism for Sex Differences in Recognition Memory.

Tests de reconnaissance-m&eacute;moire r&eacute;v&egrave;lent des diff&eacute;rences individuelles dans la m&eacute;moire &eacute;pisodique ; Toutefois, &agrave; eux seuls, ces tests permettent peu d&#39;information concernant l&#39;&eacute;tape (ou &eacute;tapes) en m&eacute;moire de traitement &agrave; quelles diff&eacute;rences sont manifestent. Nous avons utilis&eacute; la technologie eye-tracking, ainsi que d&#39;un paradigme de reconnaissance, d&#39;&eacute;tablir une analyse plus d&eacute;taill&eacute;e du traitement visuel pendant l&#39;encodage et de r&eacute;cup&eacute;ration. Bien que cette approche peut &ecirc;tre utile pour d&eacute;terminer les diff&eacute;rences dans la m&eacute;moire &agrave; travers de nombreuses populations diff&eacute;rentes, nous nous sommes concentr&eacute;s sur les diff&eacute;rences entre les sexes dans la m&eacute;moire du visage. Les femelles a surpass&eacute; les m&acirc;les sur les tests de m&eacute;moire de la reconnaissance, et cet avantage &eacute;tait directement li&eacute; au comportement de balayage des femelles &agrave; l&#39;encodage. De plus, expositions suppl&eacute;mentaires aux visages r&eacute;duit les diff&eacute;rences de sexe dans la reconnaissance faciale, ce qui sugg&egrave;re que les hommes peuvent &ecirc;tre en mesure d&#39;am&eacute;liorer leur m&eacute;moire de reconnaissance en extraire davantage d&#39;informations sur le codage par num&eacute;risation accrue. Une strat&eacute;gie de num&eacute;risation accrue &agrave; codage peut s&#39;av&eacute;rer un moyen simple d&#39;am&eacute;liorer les performances de la m&eacute;moire dans d&#39;autres populations avec troubles de la m&eacute;moire.

Jennifer J. Heisz

Rotman Research Institute

Baycrest

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Jennifer J. Heisz

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Rotman Research Institute

Baycrest

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

Orienteering as a Tool for Cognitive Research: An Implementation Guide

Rotman Research Institute