After inserting the Swan-Ganz catheter into the pulmonary artery, allow the anesthetized pig to stabilize for 30 minutes. Then obtain the baseline hemodynamic measurements. Administer 150 micrograms per kilogram of lipopolysaccharide or LPS for 30 minutes.
Monitor the hemodynamic parameters such as arterial and pulmonary arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and ventilation. Then monitor the hemodynamic parameters at an LPS infusion rate of 15 micrograms per kilogram per hour. On the PiCCO monitor, press the thermodilution button, then press the button for central venous pressure or CVP input, and enter the current CVP value before pressing the Start button.
When prompted, inject 10 milliliters of cold saline solution into the injectate temperature sensor connected to the Swan-Ganz catheter. After measuring cardiac index, global end-diastolic index, and extravascular lung water index, apply hemodynamic instability treatment according to the flow chart. In case of volume loading, rapidly infuses 200 milliliters of balanced electrolyte solution.
For catecholamine therapy, increase the norepinephrine infusion rate by one microgram per kilogram per hour. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased following LPS infusion, but was maintained above 60 millimeters of mercury through fluid resuscitation or norepinephrine infusion. The animals demonstrated a decrease in cardiac index and an increase in heart rate, indicating hemodynamic instability during the shock state.
Lung damage was indicated by a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen and the arterial blood inspiratory oxygen fraction ratio, and an increase in pulmonary artery pressure. Cerebral oxygenation also decreased following the induction of shock. The animals also exhibited acidosis and increasing lactate levels.
