This work was supported by the Jiangsu Higher Education Institution Innovative Research Team for Science and Technology (2021), Program of Jiangsu Vocational College Engineering Technology Research Center (2023), Key Technology Programme of Suzhou People&#39;s Livelihood Technology Projects (SKY2021029), Open Project of Jiangsu Biobank of Clinical Resources (TC2021B009), Project of State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University (GZK12023013), Programs of the Suzhou Vocational Health College (SZWZYTD202201), and Qing-Lan Project of Jiangsu Province in China (2021, 2022).

1. Construction of an H2O2 -induced DNA oxidative damage model in MCF-7 cells
<ol>
	<li>MCF-7 cell recovery
	<ol>
		<li>Transfer the cell culture cryogenic tube, which contains 3.5 x 106 MCF-7 cells and is stored in a -80&#176;C refrigerator, rapidly to a foam box containing liquid nitrogen. Retrieve the tube with forceps and place it in a 37 &#176;Cconstant temperature water bath for approximately 1 min to thaw the preserved cells. 
		NOTE: During the thawing process in a water bath, shake the cells intermittently to ensure uniform heating of the cryovial.</li>
		<li>Place the cryovial in a centrifuge and centrifuge at room temperature at 150 x g for 5 min.</li>
		<li>Use a pipette to discard the supernatant from the cryogenic storage tube and add 1 mL of complete culture medium. Mix well and transfer to a 10 mm culture dish, supplement an additional 7 mL of complete culture medium.</li>
		<li>Shake the culture dish in a crisscross pattern to ensure uniform mixing, and culture in a CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;Cwith 5% CO2. 
		NOTE: The complete culture medium consists of DMEM culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% penicillin, and streptomycin.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Cell viability assessment
	<ol>
		<li>Select MCF-7 cells in the logarithmic growth phase with good cellular status for the experiment. During the logarithmic growth phase, cells typically exhibit a shorter division cycle and a high frequency of cell division.
		<ol>
			<li>Observe the morphology and growth rate of MCF cells using an electron microscope. When the cells present a uniform and densely packed monolayer morphology, and cell proliferation is evident, it can be determined that the cells are essentially in the logarithmic growth phase.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Cell washing: Use a pipette to remove the culture medium from the culture dish, add 1 mL of PBS buffer to wash the cells, then discard the PBS.</li>
		<li>Cell detachment: Add 1 mL of trypsin to wash the cells, wait for about 1 min for trypsin to completely detach the cells from the culture dish. Gently tap the culture dish; observation of cell movement 
		in sheets indicates thorough cell detachment.</li>
		<li>Termination of cell detachment and cell counting: Add 8 mL of complete culture medium to terminate the detachment, gently pipette cells, and determine the cell suspension concentration using a cell counting device. 
		NOTE: Ensure cell suspension is homogenous before counting by gently pipetting up and down.</li>
		<li>Cell seeding: Adjust the diluted cell suspension to achieve a cell density of 5,000 cells per 100 &#181;L. Inoculate the cell suspension into 21 wells of a 96-well plate using a pipette gun, dispensing 100 &#181;L into each well. Add 100 &#181;L of PBS buffer to the surrounding wells of the seeded wells to prevent excessive evaporation of the culture medium.</li>
		<li>Preparation of H2O2-containing medium: Choose 9 wells on the 12-well cell culture plate and assign labels based on the gradient of H2O2 concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mM). Add 720 &#181;L of complete medium to the wells labeled as 2.0 mM and 1.5 mM and add 360 &#181;L of complete medium to the remaining wells.
		<ol>
			<li>Using a pipette, dispense 1.63 &#181;L and 1.22 &#181;L of 3% H2O2 reagent into the wells labeled as 2.0 mM and 1.5 mM, respectively. Mix the solution thoroughly. Using a pipette, transfer 360 &#181;L of 2.0 mM H2O2 into the well labeled 1.0 mM and mix; then, transfer 360 &#181;L of 1.0 mM H2O2 into the well marked 0.5 mM and mix; and finally transfer 360 &#181;L of 0.5 mM H2O2 into the well marked 0.25 mM. Pipette 360 &#181;L of 1.5 mM H2O2 into the well labeled 0.75 mM to dilute and achieve the desired concentration. (Figure 1). 
			&#8203;NOTE: Ensure that the H2O2 stock solution in the pipette is completely transferred into the wells to avoid any residual solution. Ensure thorough mixing of the solutions before proceeding with the dilution.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Incubation: After approximately 24 h of cell seeding, use a pipette to remove the culture medium from the 96-well plate once cells have adhered to the surfaces. As per the concentration gradient, add the respective H2O2-containing medium to each well. Return the plate to the incubator for 12 h.</li>
		<li>Addition of CCK-8 reagent: Following the designated 12 h treatment period, use a pipette to remove the culture medium from the 96-well plate, add 100 &#181;L of complete culture medium and 10 &#181;L of CCK-8 reagent to each well, and include three blank control wells. Incubate the plate at 37 &#176;Cfor 2 h. 
		NOTE: During the process of adding samples, avoid the formation of bubbles to prevent any interference with the OD value reading.</li>
		<li>Absorbance measurement: Take out the 96-well plate from the incubator, measure the absorbance at a wavelength of 450 nm using a microplate reader, and record the results.</li>
		<li>According to the IC50 calculation formula, 
		inhibition rate (%) = (OD of drug experimental group-average OD of drug control hole)/ (average OD of cell control hole-average OD of drug control hole) x 100% 
		Calculate results as percentage of absorbance in control cultures.</li>
		<li>Import the processed experimental data into a statistical analysis software, select the analysis type Nonlinear Regression, construct the four-parameter logistic model, and proceed to click the Fit Curve button for curve fitting. Following the fitting process, the software will automatically compute the IC50 value.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>H2O2-induced MCF-7 cell oxidation experiment
	<ol>
		<li>Retrieve MCF-7 cells in the logarithmic growth phase with good cell status for experimentation.</li>
		<li>Wash, perform cell detachment, terminate the detachment, and count the cells (refer to step 1.2 for specific methods).</li>
		<li>Cell seeding: Adjust the density of the cell suspension to 1 x 106 cells per dish, with 4 mL of the suspension per 6 cm diameter dish.</li>
		<li>Label two 5 mL microcentrifuge tubes as 0.25 mM and 0.75 mM 3% H2O2. Add 4 mL of complete medium to each tube, then add 1.13 &#181;L and 3.40 &#181;L of 3% H2O2, respectively. Gently shake the tubes to ensure thorough mixing. Replace the culture medium in the three dishes with a complete medium containing H2O2 concentrations of 0, 0.25, and 0.75 mM.</li>
		<li>Incubate the cultures: Return the dishes to the incubator for 12 h.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation of cellular samples and ELISA reagents preparation
<ol>
	<li>Collection of cell extract samples
	<ol>
		<li>Sample collection: Discard MCF-7 cell culture supernatant, rinse, perform cell detachment, terminate the detachment, and collect cells. Transfer the cell suspension to a 15 mL centrifuge tube.</li>
		<li>Centrifugation: Centrifuge at 800 x g for 5 min to collect the cell pellet. Add 200 &#181;L of PBS to resuspend each cell sample and disrupt cells by repeated freeze-thaw cycles. Centrifuge the cell lysate at 1,500 x g for 10 min and use a pipette to collect the supernatant for analysis. 
		NOTE: When the cell amount is low, reduce the volume of PBS used for resuspension. Samples can be stored at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 week if immediate analysis is not possible. For long-term storage, aliquot the samples based on single-use quantities and store them at -80 &#176;C to avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Preparation of ELISA reagents
	<ol>
		<li>Thawing of reagents: Allow the ELISA reagents, including seal films, precoated plates, standards, sample diluent, detection antibody-HRP, chromogen substrate, stop solution, concentrated wash buffer (20x), and the test samples to reach room temperature (18-25 &#176;C) for 20 min before starting the assay. Pre-open the ELISA reader 15 min before use.</li>
		<li>Preparation of wash buffer: Calculate the required volume of diluted wash buffer, and then dilute 20x concentrated wash buffer with distilled or deionized water into 1x working solution. Return any unused concentrated wash buffer to the 4 &#176;C refrigerator. 
		NOTE: The wash buffer should be prepared fresh before use. If crystals are present in the concentrated wash buffer stored in the refrigerator, allow it to reach room temperature and gently shake it until the crystals dissolve completely before utilization.</li>
		<li>Preparation of standard
		<ol>
			<li>Prepare working solutions of standard samples with concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ng/mL, respectively. To ensure the accuracy of the experimental results, carefully mix the standard samples up and down before use to avoid the formation of bubbles during the dissolution process.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. ELISA experiment
<ol>
	<li>Plate coating: Design the total number of wells for standards, samples, and blank/controls in advance and take out the required plate strips. Add 50 &#181;L of standard working solution and detection samples with different concentrations to the reaction wells. Perform standards in triplicates and refrain from adding any samples to the blank/control wells25. 
	NOTE: The experimental steps of the ELISA assay are shown schematically in Figure 2. If the sample concentration exceeds the detection range, the sample should be diluted with sample diluent before sampling. When adding samples, add them to the bottom of the plate, avoiding touching the well walls, gently shake to mix, and avoid the formation of bubbles. To ensure the accuracy of the experiment, each sample addition should be completed within 10 min.</li>
	<li>Incubation: Except for the blank wells, add 100 &#181;L of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated detection antibody to each reaction well, seal the wells with a plate seal, and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 60 min in a constant temperature incubator.</li>
	<li>Washing: Discard the liquid, shake off the liquid in the plate wells, pat dry on absorbent paper, add 350 &#181;L of wash buffer to each reaction well, let it stand for 1-2 min, then discard the wash buffer. Repeat the washing process 5x. 
	NOTE: Thorough washing is crucial because it directly affects the accuracy of the experimental results. Ensure that the wash buffer is completely shaken off after each washing. Carefully wipe off any residue on the bottom of the plate after washing to avoid affecting the absorbance measurement.</li>
	<li>Color reaction: Add 50 &#181;L of substrate A and 50 &#181;L of substrate B to each reaction well, seal the plate and incubate at 37 &#176;C in the dark for 15 min. 
	NOTE: After adding the color reagent, observe the color change in the reaction wells promptly. If the color is too dark, add the stop solution to terminate the reaction earlier.</li>
	<li>Terminate the reaction and measure the absorbance: Add 50 &#181;L of stop solution to each reaction well, and immediately measure the OD value at 450 nm wavelength with an ELISA reader (within 15 min).</li>
	<li>Data analysis: Import the processed experimental data into the statistical analysis software, select the analysis type Linear Regression. Construct a calibration curve by plotting the concentration of the standards on the X-axis against the optical density (OD) values on the Y-axis. Utilize the established calibration curve to ascertain the concentration of 8-oxo-dG present in the samples. Construct a Logistic mathematical model and proceed to click the Fit Curve button for curve fitting. Following the fitting process, the software automatically calculates the standard curve and P-value. 
	NOTE: The standard curve cannot be reused and needs to be determined anew for each experiment.</li>
</ol>

Determining the Degree of DNA Oxidative Damage in MCF-7 Cells

<ol>
	<li>Cooke, M. S., Evans, M. D., Dizdaroglu, M., Lunec, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+DNA+damage:+Mechanisms,+mutation,+and+disease.">Oxidative DNA damage: Mechanisms, mutation, and disease.</a> Faseb J. 17 (10), 1195-1214 (2003).</li><li>Dizdaroglu, M., Jaruga, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+free+radical-induced+damage+to+DNA.">Mechanisms of free radical-induced damage to DNA.</a> Free Radic Res. 46 (4), 382-419 (2012).</li><li>Cadet, J., Davies, K. J. A., Medeiros, M. H., Di Mascio, P., Wagner, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+and+repair+of+oxidatively+generated+damage+in+cellular+DNA.">Formation and repair of oxidatively generated damage in cellular DNA.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 107, 13-34 (2017).</li><li>Jackson, S. P., Bartek, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+DNA-damage+response+in+human+biology+and+disease.">The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease.</a> Nature. 461 (7267), 1071-1078 (2009).</li><li>Jaruga, P., Dizdaroglu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repair+of+products+of+oxidative+DNA+base+damage+in+human+cells.">Repair of products of oxidative DNA base damage in human cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (8), 1389-1394 (1996).</li><li>Fleming, A. M., Burrows, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemistry+of+ROS-mediated+oxidation+to+the+guanine+base+in+DNA+and+its+biological+consequences.">Chemistry of ROS-mediated oxidation to the guanine base in DNA and its biological consequences.</a> Int J Radiat Biol. 98 (3), 452-460 (2022).</li><li>Delaney, S., Jarem, D. A., Volle, C. B., Yennie, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+and+biological+consequences+of+oxidatively+damaged+guanine+in+DNA.">Chemical and biological consequences of oxidatively damaged guanine in DNA.</a> Free Radic Res. 46 (4), 420-441 (2012).</li><li>Wang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-sectional+and+longitudinal+associations+of+acrolein+exposure+with+pulmonary+function+alteration:+Assessing+the+potential+roles+of+oxidative+DNA+damage,+inflammation,+and+pulmonary+epithelium+injury+in+a+general+adult+population.">Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of acrolein exposure with pulmonary function alteration: Assessing the potential roles of oxidative DNA damage, inflammation, and pulmonary epithelium injury in a general adult population.</a> Environ Int. 167, 107401 (2022).</li><li>Chiorcea-Paquim, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=8-oxoguanine+and+8-oxodeoxyguanosine+biomarkers+of+oxidative+DNA+damage:+A+review+on+HPLC-ECD+determination.">8-oxoguanine and 8-oxodeoxyguanosine biomarkers of oxidative DNA damage: A review on HPLC-ECD determination.</a> Molecules. 27 (5), (2022).</li><li>He, L., Liu, X. L., Zhang, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+quantification+of+urinary+6-sulfatoxymelatonin+and+8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine+using+liquid+chromatography-tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Simultaneous quantification of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 1095, 119-126 (2018).</li><li>Lam, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+measurement+of+8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine+in+human+biological+matrices+using+ultra-high-performance+liquid+chromatography-tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Rapid measurement of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in human biological matrices using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 52 (10), 2057-2063 (2012).</li><li>Machella, N., Regoli, F., Santella, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunofluorescent+detection+of+8-oxo-DG+and+pah+bulky+adducts+in+fish+liver+and+mussel+digestive+gland.">Immunofluorescent detection of 8-oxo-DG and pah bulky adducts in fish liver and mussel digestive gland.</a> Aquat Toxicol. 71 (4), 335-343 (2005).</li><li>An, N., Fleming, A. M., White, H. S., Burrows, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanopore+detection+of+8-oxoguanine+in+the+human+telomere+repeat+sequence.">Nanopore detection of 8-oxoguanine in the human telomere repeat sequence.</a> ACS Nano. 9 (4), 4296-4307 (2015).</li><li>Xiao, S., Fleming, A. M., Burrows, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequencing+for+oxidative+DNA+damage+at+single-nucleotide+resolution+with+click-code-seq+v2.0.">Sequencing for oxidative DNA damage at single-nucleotide resolution with click-code-seq v2.0.</a> Chem Commun (Camb). 59 (58), 8997-9000 (2023).</li><li>Kong, W., Ji, Y., Zhu, X., Dai, X., You, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+application+of+a+chemical+labeling-based+biosensing+assay+for+rapid+detection+of+8-oxoguanine+and+its+repair+in+vitro+and+in+human+cells.">Development and application of a chemical labeling-based biosensing assay for rapid detection of 8-oxoguanine and its repair in vitro and in human cells.</a> Chinese J Chem. 40 (19), 2329-2334 (2022).</li><li>Engvall, E., Perlmann, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+(ELISA).+Quantitative+assay+of+immunoglobulin+g.">Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Quantitative assay of immunoglobulin g.</a> Immunochemistry. 8 (9), 871-874 (1971).</li><li>Boguszewska, K., Szewczuk, M., Urbaniak, S., Karwowski, B. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review:+Immunoassays+in+DNA+damage+and+instability+detection.">Review: Immunoassays in DNA damage and instability detection.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 76 (23), 4689-4704 (2019).</li><li>Gan, S. D., Patel, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme+immunoassay+and+enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay.">Enzyme immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</a> J Invest Dermatol. 133 (9), e12 (2013).</li><li>Ahirwar, R., Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unveiling+the+underpinnings+of+various+non-conventional+ELISA+variants:+A+review+article.">Unveiling the underpinnings of various non-conventional ELISA variants: A review article.</a> Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 22 (7), 761-774 (2022).</li><li>Li, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+nanochains-based+dynamic+elisa+for+rapid+and+ultrasensitive+detection+of+acute+myocardial+infarction+biomarkers.">Magnetic nanochains-based dynamic elisa for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of acute myocardial infarction biomarkers.</a> Anal Chim Acta. 1166, 338567 (2021).</li><li>Tabatabaei, M. S., Islam, R., Ahmed, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+gold+nanoparticles+in+ELISA,+PCR,+and+immuno-pcr+assays:+A+review.">Applications of gold nanoparticles in ELISA, PCR, and immuno-pcr assays: A review.</a> Anal Chim Acta. 1143, 250-266 (2021).</li><li>Berlina, A. N., Zherdev, A. V., Dzantiev, B. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ELISA+and+lateral+flow+immunoassay+for+the+detection+of+food+colorants:+State+of+the+art.">ELISA and lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of food colorants: State of the art.</a> Crit Rev Anal Chem. 49 (3), 209-223 (2019).</li><li>Amber, K. T., Bloom, R., Hertl, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+review+with+pooled+analysis+of+clinical+presentation+and+immunodiagnostic+testing+in+mucous+membrane+pemphigoid:+Association+of+anti-laminin-332+IGG+with+oropharyngeal+involvement+and+the+usefulness+of+ELISA.">A systematic review with pooled analysis of clinical presentation and immunodiagnostic testing in mucous membrane pemphigoid: Association of anti-laminin-332 IGG with oropharyngeal involvement and the usefulness of ELISA.</a> J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 30 (1), 72-77 (2016).</li><li>Gervay, J., Mcreynolds, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilization+of+elisa+technology+to+measure+biological+activities+of+carbohydrates+relevant+in+disease+status.">Utilization of elisa technology to measure biological activities of carbohydrates relevant in disease status.</a> Curr Med Chem. 6 (2), 129-153 (1999).</li><li>Tabatabaei, M. S., Ahmed, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay+(ELISA).">Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</a> Methods Mol Biol. 2508, 115-134 (2022).</li><li>Aydin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+short+history,+principles,+and+types+of+ELISA,+and+our+laboratory+experience+with+peptide/protein+analyses+using+ELISA.">A short history, principles, and types of ELISA, and our laboratory experience with peptide/protein analyses using ELISA.</a> Peptides. 72, 4-15 (2015).</li><li>Hayrapetyan, H., Tran, T., Tellez-Corrales, E., Madiraju, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enzyme-linked+immunosorbent+assay:+Types+and+applications.">Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: Types and applications.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 2612, 1-17 (2023).</li><li>Eldahshoury, M. K., Hurley, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+sandwich+ELISA+to+detect+the+adulteration+of+human+breast+milk+by+cow+milk.">Direct sandwich ELISA to detect the adulteration of human breast milk by cow milk.</a> J Dairy Sci. 106 (9), 5908-5915 (2023).</li><li>Tsumuraya, T., Hirama, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rationally+designed+synthetic+haptens+to+generate+anti-ciguatoxin+monoclonal+antibodies,+and+development+of+a+practical+sandwich+ELISA+to+detect+ciguatoxins.">Rationally designed synthetic haptens to generate anti-ciguatoxin monoclonal antibodies, and development of a practical sandwich ELISA to detect ciguatoxins.</a> Toxins (Basel). 11 (9), 533 (2019).</li><li>Ito, E., Iha, K., Yoshimura, T., Nakaishi, K., Watabe, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+diagnosis+with+ultrasensitive+elisa).">Early diagnosis with ultrasensitive elisa).</a> Adv Clin Chem. 101, 121-133 (2021).</li><li>Larsson, P., Parris, T. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+cell+viability+assays+for+drug+sensitivity+screens.">Optimization of cell viability assays for drug sensitivity screens.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 2644, 287-302 (2023).</li><li>Gunawardana, C. G., Diamandis, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+throughput+proteomic+strategies+for+identifying+tumour-associated+antigens.">High throughput proteomic strategies for identifying tumour-associated antigens.</a> Cancer Lett. 249 (1), 110-119 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+das-ELISA+for+gyrovirus+homsa1+prevalence+survey+in+chickens+and+wild+birds+in+China.">Development of a das-ELISA for gyrovirus homsa1 prevalence survey in chickens and wild birds in China.</a> Vet Sci. 10 (5), 312 (2023).</li><li>Li, Y., Sun, J., Shang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+hogg1+expression+level+on+oxidative+DNA+damage+among+workers+exposed+to+nickel+in+stainless+steel+production+environment.">Effect of hogg1 expression level on oxidative DNA damage among workers exposed to nickel in stainless steel production environment.</a> Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 32 (8), 578-581 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

The development of ELISA methods holds great importance for both existing and new DNA damage detection methodologies. In comparison to traditional HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques, this approach not only is user-friendly but also exhibits high sensitivity and meets the demands of high-throughput screening30. This enables the monitoring of 8-oxo-dG in large-scale disease screening studies, facilitating a deeper understanding of the correlation between this biomarker and various diseases.
<...

DNA oxidative damage is a consequence of an imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the cellular antioxidant defense system1. It primarily involves the oxidation of DNA purine and pyrimidine bases2,3. This oxidative modification of DNA bases not only compromises the integrity of the genome but also encompasses a wide range of pathological issues, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases4,5. The guanine base in DNA has the lowest reduction potential and is the most susceptible to oxidation6. Therefore, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) serves as a primary marker for assessing the extent of DNA oxidative damage7,8. The accurate quantification of 8-oxo-dG has become a critical issue in addressing various aspects of disease occurrence, progression, and the assessment of multifactorial oxidative burden9.
The traditional methods for detecting 8-oxo-dG, such as high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD), mass spectrometry, and related hyphenated techniques, exhibit high sensitivity and specificity10,11,12. However, these techniques often have complex operational requirements and high costs, which hinder their widespread applicability and practicality in high-throughput sample analysis. With the continuous advancement of science and technology, a variety of new, efficient, and accurate methods have emerged. The application of these new technologies enables us to quantify the level of 8-oxo-dG more accurately and provides more powerful tools for an in-depth study of the association between oxidative stress and disease. For instance, researchers have applied nanopore technology to quantitatively detect and sequence DNA13, identify DNA damage types using a single-click code-sequencing strategy14, develop high-throughput sequencing methods, and create 8-oxoG-based biosensors by integrating biotin-streptavidin with ELISA15. Among them, ELISA, with its recognized advantages in terms of specificity, high-throughput screening, and cost, is one of the ideal solutions for 8-oxo-dG detection. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a high-throughput, highly sensitive, convenient, and rapid method for detecting 8-oxo-dG.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, developed in 197116, has rapidly advanced over the past 50 years and has now become one of the most commonly used detection methods in the fields of biology and medicine17,18,19. ELISA technology exhibits high sensitivity and specificity, possesses a short reaction time, and is easy to use, making it a widely recognized choice for large-scale sample testing and high-throughput analysis20. As a result, ELISA has been widely used for quantitative or semiquantitative analysis of compounds, proteins, antibodies, or molecules within cells21,22,23. For example, it has been utilized in the detection of biomarkers associated with various diseases, drug residues, and biomolecules24. ELISAs can be categorized into four main types based on experimental design and principles25. These methods include direct ELISA, indirect ELISA, sandwich ELISA, and competitive ELISA26,27. Among these, sandwich ELISA, which utilizes two specific antibodies, one for capturing the target molecule and the other for detection, was chosen for the study in this paper. The experimental principle of sandwich ELISA is as follows: First, a specific antibody is immobilized in the wells of a microplate to capture the analyte of interest. After the standard or sample is added, the target analyte binds to the immobilized antibody. Subsequently, a labeled antibody that recognizes a different epitope on the antigen is added, forming a sandwich structure. Following the removal of unbound antibodies, a substrate is added. Under the catalytic action of the secondary antibody, a color reaction occurs, and the intensity of the color is positively correlated with the concentration of the target analyte in the sample. Finally, the optical density (OD) was measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Sandwich ELISA has the advantages of increased sensitivity and specificity for target samples, which makes it suitable for detecting low concentrations of target analytes and complex samples28. Additionally, the results obtained can be quantified for further analysis. These factors make sandwich ELISA a commonly used detection method in both scientific research and clinical laboratories29.
This study aimed to quantitatively detect 8-oxo-dG in MCF-7 cells to determine the degree of DNA oxidative damage in the cells. This study consists of two main parts: constructing an MCF-7 cell DNA oxidative damage model and detecting 8-oxo-dG using ELISA. First, MCF-7 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with different concentrations of H2O2 for different durations. Cell viability was evaluated using a CCK-8 assay to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of H2O2 in MCF-7 cells. Based on the IC50 values, an appropriate H2O2 treatment time and induction concentration were chosen. To extract samples of MCF-7 cells damaged by oxidation, cell samples, and supernatants were obtained and added to enzyme-linked wells previously coated with 8-oxo-dG antibodies. The 8-oxo-dG present in the sample will bind to the antibodies bound to the solid-phase carrier. Then, 8-oxo-dG antibodies labeled with horseradish peroxidase were added. The reaction mixture was incubated at a constant temperature to ensure complete binding of the sample and the antibody. The unbound enzyme was removed by washing, and then the colorimetric substrate was added, which produced a blue color. Under the action of acid, the solution turned yellow. Finally, the OD value of the reaction well samples was measured at 450 nm, and the concentration of 8-oxo-dG in the sample was proportional to the OD value. By generating a standard curve, the concentration of 8-oxo-dG in the sample can be calculated.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA(1x)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counting Kit-8</td>
			<td>Dojindo</td>
			<td>CK04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Counting Plate</td>
			<td>QiuJing</td>
			<td>XB-K-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>51032872</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM basic(1X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11995500BT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>PAN</td>
			<td>ST30-3302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism X9</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>statistical analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2O2(3%)</td>
			<td>Jiangxi Caoshanhu Disinfection Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>1028348</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>high-speed centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>&#160;9AQ2861</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human 8-oxo-dG ELISA Kit</td>
			<td>Zcibio</td>
			<td>ZC-55410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-1000XLS+ Pipettes</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-20XLS+ Pipettes</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>17014392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>liquid nitrogen tank</td>
			<td>Mvecryoge</td>
			<td>YDS-175-216</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MCF-7 CELL</td>
			<td>BNCC</td>
			<td>BNCC100137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiskan FC microplate photometer</td>
			<td>Thermo</td>
			<td>1410101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>P1020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution, 100X</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>C0222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trinocular live cell microscope</td>
			<td>Motic</td>
			<td>1.1001E+12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-low temperature freezer</td>
			<td>Haire</td>
			<td>V118574</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying the level of 8-oxo-dg using elisa assay to evaluate oxidative dna damage in mcf-7 cells

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) base is the predominant form of commonly observed DNA oxidative damage. DNA impairment profoundly impacts gene expression and serves as a pivotal factor in stimulating neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and aging. Therefore, precise quantification of 8-oxoG has clinical significance in the investigation of DNA damage detection methodologies. However, at present, the existing approaches for 8-oxoG detection pose challenges in terms of convenience, expediency, affordability, and heightened sensitivity. We employed the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, a highly efficient and swift colorimetric method, to detect variations in 8-oxo-dG content in MCF-7 cell samples stimulated with different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). We determined the concentration of H2O2 that induced oxidative damage in MCF-7 cells by detecting its IC50 value in MCF-7 cells. Subsequently, we treated MCF-7 cells with 0, 0.25, and 0.75 mM H2O2 for 12 h and extracted 8-oxo-dG from the cells. Finally, the samples were subjected to ELISA. Following a series of steps, including plate spreading, washing, incubation, color development, termination of the reaction, and data collection, we successfully detected changes in the 8-oxo-dG content in MCF-7 cells induced by H2O2. Through such endeavors, we aim to establish a method to evaluate the degree of DNA oxidative damage within cell samples and, in doing so, advance the development of more expedient and convenient approaches for DNA damage detection. This endeavor is poised to make a meaningful contribution to the exploration of associative analyses between DNA oxidative damage and various domains, including clinical research on diseases and the detection of toxic substances.

Author Spotlight: Quantitative Assessment of 8-oxo-dG in MCF-7 Cells Using ELISA

Quantifying the Level of 8-oxo-dG Using ELISA Assay to Evaluate Oxidative DNA Damage in MCF-7 Cells

This research aims to quantitatively measure 8-oxo-dG in MCF-7 cells using ELISA, assessing the impacts of hydrogen peroxide on DNA oxidative damage. Specifically, ELISA steps are detailed in this video for efficiency. Techniques for detecting 8-oxo-dG including high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, mass spectrometry, and other sophisticated methodologies have demonstrated efficacy.However, these methods often involve numerous tedious steps and can be quite costly. This protocol addresses the research gap in efficient and sensitive detection of oxidative DNA damage, specifically 8-oxo-dG in cell samples, which is crucial for understanding its implications in disease, aging, and response to environmental stresses. My lab focus on method innovation for DNA damage event detection.This will enable us to conduct in-depth lab science research on DNA damage markers.

As illustrated in Figure 3, the X-axis denotes the concentration of H2O2 applied to MCF-7 cells, while the Y-axis indicates cell viability. Treatment with 0.75 mM for 12 h reduced the viability of MCF-7 cells to 67%. Concomitant with the increase in concentration, there was a significant decrease in the viability of MCF-7 cells, particularly at a concentration of 1.5 mM, where the viability decreased to below 3% (Table 1). The experimental results sugge...

This protocol describes an efficient method for quantitatively detecting DNA oxidative damage in MCF-7 cells by ELISA technology.

8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2&#39;-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) base is the predominant form of commonly observed DNA oxidative damage. DNA impairment profoundly ...

quantifying-level-8-oxo-dg-using-elisa-assay-to-evaluate-oxidative

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

754 vues.  Suzhou Vocational Health College. Cette recherche vise à mesurer quantitativement le 8-oxo-dG dans les cellules MCF-7 à l’aide de l’ELISA, en évaluant les impacts du peroxyde d’hydrogène sur les dommages oxydatifs de l’ADN. Plus précisément, les étapes ELISA sont détaillées dans cette vidéo pour plus d’efficacité. Les techniques de détection du 8-oxo-dG, y compris la chromatographie liquide à haute performance avec détection électrochimique, la spectrométrie de masse et d’autres méthodologies soph...