1. Hybridization procedure
One hybridization tube will take 1 or 2 membranes (size 22 by 22 cm). Use 50 ml of hybridization mixture and 0.5 mg of DNA probe (10 ng/ml final concentration) per hybridization tube. For best results, use gel-purified DNA as probe. If scaling up probe preparation, increase number of tubes rather than increasing the amount of reagents per tube.
Probe preparation (0.5 mg DNA):
<ol>
<li>Dilute 15 &mu;l of cross-linker solution with 60 &mu;l of water.</li>
<li>Dilute DNA to 10 ng/&mu;l with water to 50 &mu;l total volume in a screw-capped microtube.</li>
<li>Denature DNA for 5 min in boiling water.</li>
<li>Rapidly transfer to ice and let cool for 5 min. Spin briefly.</li>
<li>Add 50 &mu;l of reaction buffer and mix gently.</li>
<li>Add 10 &mu;l of labeling reagent and mix gently.</li>
<li>Add 50 &mu;l of the diluted cross-linker solution from step 1 and mix gently. Vortex gently and spin briefly.</li>
<li>Incubate at 37&deg;C for 30 min.</li>
<li>Keep on ice for up to 2 h or add an equal volume of 100% glycerol and store at -20&deg;C. Note: Use the water supplied with the kit. Keep all reagents on ice unless otherwise stated.</li>
</ol>
Membrane preparation and hybridization
<ol>
<li>Preheat 50 ml of hybridization buffer and hybridization tube to 60&deg;C.</li>
<li>Add the hybridization buffer to the hybridization tube. Roll up membrane(s) and add to hybridization tube. (If adding 2 membranes per tube, first roll up one membrane completely, then roll up the other membrane on top in the same direction.)</li>
<li>Incubate hybridization tube at 60&deg;C for at least &frac12; h. (Make sure membrane(s) get soaked thoroughly.)</li>
<li>Transfer about 1 ml of hybridization buffer with a long pipette from the hybridization tube to the tube containing the labeled probe. Vortex gently and spin briefly. Transfer mixture back to hybridization tube.</li>
<li>Incubate at 60&deg;C overnight. Note: Use forceps and gloves when handling membranes. Mix content of hybridization tubes gently because too much agitation will cause permanent formation of undesirable foam. Membranes should be added in wet condition; soak in hybridization buffer or water if necessary and drain off excess liquid before adding.</li>
</ol>
2. Detection procedure
Washing membranes
<ol>
<li>Preheat primary washing buffer to 60&deg;C. (Use microwave oven and/or heating plate.)</li>
<li>If there are 2 membranes in one hybridization tube, transfer one membrane to a clean, preheated, empty hybridization tube.</li>
<li>Briefly rinse hybridization tube with about 50 ml of primary wash buffer.</li>
<li>Add about 100 ml of primary wash buffer to hybridization tube and incubate at 60&deg;C for 10&nbsp;min.</li>
<li>Repeat step 3 and 4.</li>
<li>Transfer membrane to washing container and incubate with at least 250 ml of secondary wash buffer at room temperature for 5 min.</li>
<li>Repeat step 6. Note: Membranes may be kept in the secondary wash buffer at room temperature for up to &frac12; h before signal generation. </li>
</ol>
Signal generation and detection (procedure for one membrane)
<ol>
<li>Tape two pieces of SaranWrap flat onto the tabletop (one for step 2 and one for step 4).</li>
<li>Carefully drain off excess buffer from the membrane by touching the corners of the membrane against the side of the container and transfer the membrane onto the SaranWrap (sample side up).</li>
<li>Pour 6-7 ml of ECF reagent over membrane and fold Saran wrap over membrane. Carefully distribute ECF reagent over membrane by gently moving a Kimwipe over the SaranWrap. Incubate for 5 min.</li>
<li>Drain off excess ECF reagent from the membrane and transfer it onto new SaranWrap, fold wrap over membrane, and seal the edges with tape. Cover the membrane with aluminum foil. Incubate for 1-2 hours.</li>
<li>Prepare the scanner glass plate by distributing 1-2 ml of ECF reagent over the glass plate. Then transfer the membrane onto the glass plate (sample side down) and distribute another 1-2 ml of ECF reagent over the membrane. Overlay with SaranWrap and carefully push all air bubbles away from the membrane. (You may place a stiff plate on top of the SaranWrap to keep membrane pressed against the glass plate.)</li>
<li>Use the Fuji FLA-5100 fluorescence scanner ("1 laser 1 image" mode) with the following settings: excitation 473 nm, detection filter LPB (510 nm), resolution 50 &mu;m, 16-bit signal graduation, CH1 400 V. (Scan takes about 15-20 min per membrane of size 22 by 22 cm.) Optional: </li>
<li>Let sit for 2-4 hours (or longer).</li>
<li>Repeat scan as in step 6.</li>
</ol>
3. Stripping and storing procedure (NUF version)
<ol>
<li>Transfer membrane to 100% ethanol and incubate at room temperature for 10 min with gentle agitation.</li>
<li>Replace with fresh 100% ethanol and incubate overnight at room temperature. (Membrane may remain in ethanol for several days.)</li>
<li>Replace ethanol with distilled water and incubate at room temperature for 10 min.</li>
<li>Add 100 ml water and 5 ml of 10% SDS (final 0.5% SDS) to a hybridization tube and mix gently. Add membrane.</li>
<li>Incubate at 80&deg;C for 1 h.</li>
<li>Transfer membrane to a clean, empty container.</li>
<li>Add 500 ml water and 5 ml of 10% SDS (final 0.1% SDS) a beaker and heat to a vigorous boil in the microwave oven.</li>
<li>Pour the near-boiling 0.1% SDS solution over the membrane and gently agitate for several minutes. Allow to cool to room temperature.</li>
<li>Rinse in at least 250 ml of sterile 100 mM Tris pH 8 for at least 10 min.</li>
<li>Wrap membrane in SaranWrap and carefully close edges with tapes. Store at 4&deg;C. (Membranes must never dry out.)</li>
</ol>

The stripping procedure has not been optimized. However, the stripping procedure given in the manufacturer's instruction (2 washes each, 10 min in 100% ethanol, 1 wash of 1 h at 60&deg;C in 0.5% SDS) is insufficient. At least overnight incubation in 100% ethanol is necessary to dissolve the ECF reaction product; several days incubation in 100% ethanol appears to have no adverse effects on the ability to reprobe the membrane. The manufacturer's SDS treatment also appears to be insufficient. NUF has tried 1 h at 80&deg;C w...

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>AlkPhos Direct Labelling Reagents</td>
<td>kit</td>
<td>Amersham</td>
<td>RPN3680</td>
<td>Contains labeling reagent, cross-linker solution, reaction buffer, water, control DNA, hybridization buffer, blocking reagent. Store hybridization buffer and blocking reagent at room temperature, other reagents at 2-8&#176;C.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ECF Substrate</td>
<td>kit</td>
<td>Amersham</td>
<td>RPN3685</td>
<td>Contains ECF substrate, ECF substrate dilution buffer.
Note: Pack contains total 60 ml reagent; aliquot into 10 ml samples in Falcon tube and store at 20&#176;C. Use about 10 ml per membrane (size of 22 by 22 cm).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20x Secondary Wash Buffer</td>
<td>buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>121 g Tris	(final 1 M), 
117 g NaCl	(final 2 M).
Adjust pH to 10. Adjust to 1 L with water. Store at 2-8&#176;C for up to 4 months.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.5 M NaH2PO4 buffer pH 7</td>
<td>buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>69 g NaH2PO4.H2O. 
Adjust pH to 7 with NaOH. Adjust to 1 L with water. Store at room temperature.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1 M MgCl2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>50.8 g MgCl2.6H2O
Adjust to 250 ml with water. Store at room temperature.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10% (w/v) SDS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>20 g SDS
Adjust to 200 ml with water. Store at room temperatur
</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>
			<div>
			Combination pack RPN3692 = RPN3680 + RPN3685		</div>

large-scale screens of metagenomic libraries

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation. Generating a streamlined procedure for creating and screening metagenomic libraries is therefore useful for efficient high-throughput investigations into the genetic and metabolic properties of uncultured microbial assemblages. Here, key protocols are presented on video, which we propose is the most useful format for accurately describing a long process that alternately depends on robotic instrumentation and (human) manual interventions. First, we employed robotics to spot library clones onto high-density macroarray membranes, each of which can contain duplicate colonies from twenty-four 384-well library plates. Automation is essential for this procedure not only for accuracy and speed, but also due to the miniaturization of scale required to fit the large number of library clones into highly dense spatial arrangements. Once generated, we next demonstrated how the macroarray membranes can be screened for genes of interest using modified versions of standard protocols for probe labeling, membrane hybridization, and signal detection. We complemented the visual demonstration of these procedures with detailed written descriptions of the steps involved and the materials required, all of which are available online alongside the video.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Large-Scale Screens of Metagenomic Libraries at JoVE.com

Large-Scale Screens of Metagenomic Libraries

Metagenomic libraries archive large fragments of contiguous genomic sequences from microorganisms without requiring prior cultivation.  Generating a ...

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JoVE Journal

Biology

8.6K Views.  MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Video: Large-Scale Screens of Metagenomic Libraries

Batch Immunostaining for Large-Scale Protein Detection in the Whole Monkey Brain

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most widely used laboratory techniques for the detection of target proteins in situ. Questions concerning the expression pattern of a target protein across the entire brain are relatively easy to answer when using IHC in small brains, such as those of rodents. However, answering the same questions in large and convoluted brains, such as those of primates presents a number of challenges. Here we present a systematic approach for immunodetection of target proteins in an adult monkey brain. This approach relies on the tissue embedding and sectioning methodology of NeuroScience Associates (NSA) as well as tools developed specifically for batch-staining of free-floating sections. It results in uniform staining of a set of sections which, at a particular interval, represents the entire brain. The resulting stained sections can be subjected to a wide variety of analytical procedures in order to measure protein levels, the population of neurons expressing a certain protein.

Large-scale immunodetection of target proteins across the entire primate brain is possible by employing novel tissue embedding and sectioning methods combined with the use of creative apparatus for batch staining of multiple free-floating sections at a given time.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is one of the most widely used laboratory techniques for the detection of target proteins in situ. Questions concerning the ...

Isolation and Large Scale Expansion of Adult Human Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult human peripheral blood within a mean of 12 days. After large scale expansion &gt;1x108 ECFCs can be obtained for further tests. Advantageously by using pHPL the contact of human cells with bovine serum antigens can be excluded. By flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry the isolated cells can be characterized as ECFC and their in vitro functionality to form vascular like structures can be tested in a matrigel assay. Further these cells can be subcutaneously injected in a mouse model to form functional, perfused vessels in vivo. After long term expansion and cryopreservation proliferation, function and genomic stability appear to be preserved. 3,4
This animal-protein free isolation and expansion method is easily applicable to generate a large quantity of ECFCs.

Endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) are a promising tool to study vascular homeostasis and repair.1,2 This paper introduces a novel animal-serum free method for isolation and expansion of ECFC from heparinised adult human peripheral blood with pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) diminishing the risk of anti-bovine immunisation.

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult ...

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Small Molecule Screen

Given their small embryo size, rapid development, transparency, fecundity, and numerous molecular, morphological and physiological similarities to mammals, zebrafish has emerged as a powerful in vivo platform for phenotype-based drug screens and chemical genetic analysis. Here, we demonstrate a simple, practical method for large-scale screening of small molecules using zebrafish embryos.

Large Scale Zebrafish-Based In vivo Small Molecule Screen

Zebrafish has emerged as a powerful in vivo platform for phenotype-based drug screens and chemical genetic analysis. Here, we demonstrate a simple, practical method for large-scale screening of small molecules using zebrafish embryos.

Given their small embryo size, rapid development, transparency, fecundity, and numerous molecular, morphological and physiological similarities to ...

A High Throughput Screen for Biomining Cellulase Activity from Metagenomic Libraries

Cellulose, the most abundant source of organic carbon on the planet, has wide-ranging industrial applications with increasing emphasis on biofuel production 1. Chemical methods to modify or degrade cellulose typically require strong acids and high temperatures. As such, enzymatic methods have become prominent in the bioconversion process. While the identification of active cellulases from bacterial and fungal isolates has been somewhat effective, the vast majority of microbes in nature resist laboratory cultivation. Environmental genomic, also known as metagenomic, screening approaches have great promise in bridging the cultivation gap in the search for novel bioconversion enzymes. Metagenomic screening approaches have successfully recovered novel cellulases from environments as varied as soils 2, buffalo rumen 3 and the termite hind-gut 4 using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) agar plates stained with congo red dye (based on the method of Teather and Wood 5). However, the CMC method is limited in throughput, is not quantitative and manifests a low signal to noise ratio 6. Other methods have been reported 7,8 but each use an agar plate-based assay, which is undesirable for high-throughput screening of large insert genomic libraries. Here we present a solution-based screen for cellulase activity using a chromogenic dinitrophenol (DNP)-cellobioside substrate 9. Our library was cloned into the pCC1 copy control fosmid to increase assay sensitivity through copy number induction 10. The method uses one-pot chemistry in 384-well microplates with the final readout provided as an absorbance measurement. This readout is quantitative, sensitive and automated with a throughput of up to 100X 384-well plates per day using a liquid handler and plate reader with attached stacking system.

This protocol describes a high throughput screen for cellulolytic activity from a metagenomic library expressed in Escherichia coli. The screen is solution based and highly automated, and uses one-pot chemistry in 384 well microplates with the final readout as an absorbance measurement.

Cellulose, the most abundant source of organic carbon on the planet, has wide-ranging industrial applications with increasing emphasis on biofuel ...

Computer-assisted Large-scale Visualization and Quantification of Pancreatic Islet Mass, Size Distribution and Architecture

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), and delta-cells (somatostatin) that are embedded in the exocrine tissues and comprise 1-2% of the entire pancreas. There is a close correlation between body and pancreas weight. Total beta-cell mass also increases proportionately to compensate for the demand for insulin in the body. What escapes this proportionate expansion is the size distribution of islets. Large animals such as humans share similar islet size distributions with mice, suggesting that this micro-organ has a certain size limit to be functional. The inability of large animal pancreata to generate proportionately larger islets is compensated for by an increase in the number of islets and by an increase in the proportion of larger islets in their overall islet size distribution. Furthermore, islets exhibit a striking plasticity in cellular composition and architecture among different species and also within the same species under various pathophysiological conditions. In the present study, we describe novel approaches for the analysis of biological image data in order to facilitate the automation of analytic processes, which allow for the analysis of large and heterogeneous data collections in the study of such dynamic biological processes and complex structures. Such studies have been hampered due to technical difficulties of unbiased sampling and generating large-scale data sets to precisely capture the complexity of biological processes of islet biology. Here we show methods to collect unbiased "representative" data within the limited availability of samples (or to minimize the sample collection) and the standard experimental settings, and to precisely analyze the complex three-dimensional structure of the islet. Computer-assisted automation allows for the collection and analysis of large-scale data sets and also assures unbiased interpretation of the data. Furthermore, the precise quantification of islet size distribution and spatial coordinates (i.e. X, Y, Z-positions) not only leads to an accurate visualization of pancreatic islet structure and composition, but also allows us to identify patterns during development and adaptation to altering conditions through mathematical modeling. The methods developed in this study are applicable to studies of many other systems and organisms as well.

Novel computer-assisted methods of large-scale procurement and analysis of immunohistochemically stained pancreatic specimens are described: (1) Virtual Slice capture of the entire section; (2) Mass analysis of large-scale data; (3) Reconstruction of 2D Virtual Slices; (4) 3D islet mapping; and (5) Mathematical analysis.

The pancreatic islet is a unique micro-organ composed of several hormone secreting endocrine cells such as beta-cells (insulin), alpha-cells (glucagon), ...

Competitive Genomic Screens of Barcoded Yeast Libraries

By virtue of advances in next generation sequencing technologies, we have access to new genome sequences almost daily. The tempo of these advances is accelerating, promising greater depth and breadth. In light of these extraordinary advances, the need for fast, parallel methods to define gene function becomes ever more important. Collections of genome-wide deletion mutants in yeasts and E. coli have served as workhorses for functional characterization of gene function, but this approach is not scalable, current gene-deletion approaches require each of the thousands of genes that comprise a genome to be deleted and verified. Only after this work is complete can we pursue high-throughput phenotyping. Over the past decade, our laboratory has refined a portfolio of competitive, miniaturized, high-throughput genome-wide assays that can be performed in parallel. This parallelization is possible because of the inclusion of DNA 'tags', or 'barcodes,' into each mutant, with the barcode serving as a proxy for the mutation and one can measure the barcode abundance to assess mutant fitness. In this study, we seek to fill the gap between DNA sequence and barcoded mutant collections. To accomplish this we introduce a combined transposon disruption-barcoding approach that opens up parallel barcode assays to newly sequenced, but poorly characterized microbes. To illustrate this approach we present a new Candida albicans barcoded disruption collection and describe how both microarray-based and next generation sequencing-based platforms can be used to collect 10,000 - 1,000,000 gene-gene and drug-gene interactions in a single experiment.

We have developed comprehensive, unbiased genome-wide screens to understand gene-drug and gene-environment interactions. Methods for screening these mutant collections are presented.

By virtue of advances in next generation sequencing technologies, we have access to new genome sequences almost daily.  The tempo of these advances is ...

Infinium Assay for Large-scale SNP Genotyping Applications

Genotyping variants in the human genome has proven to be an efficient method to identify genetic associations with phenotypes. The distribution of variants within families or populations can facilitate identification of the genetic factors of disease. Illumina&#39;s panel of genotyping BeadChips allows investigators to genotype thousands or millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or to analyze other genomic variants, such as copy number, across a large number of DNA samples. These SNPs can be spread throughout the genome or targeted in specific regions in order to maximize potential discovery. The Infinium assay has been optimized to yield high-quality, accurate results quickly. With proper setup, a single technician can process from a few hundred to over a thousand DNA samples per week, depending on the type of array. This assay guides users through every step, starting with genomic DNA and ending with the scanning of the array. Using propriety reagents, samples are amplified, fragmented, precipitated, resuspended, hybridized to the chip, extended by a single base, stained, and scanned on either an iScan or Hi Scan high-resolution optical imaging system. One overnight step is required to amplify the DNA. The DNA is denatured and isothermally amplified by whole-genome amplification; therefore, no PCR is required. Samples are hybridized to the arrays during a second overnight step. By the third day, the samples are ready to be scanned and analyzed. Amplified DNA may be stockpiled in large quantities, allowing bead arrays to be processed every day of the week, thereby maximizing throughput.

A protocol is described that uses Illumina&#39;s Infinium assays to perform large-scale genotyping. These assays can reliably genotype millions of SNPs across hundreds of individual DNA samples in three days. Once generated, these genotypes can be used to check for associations with a variety of different diseases or phenotypes.

Genotyping variants in the human genome has proven to be an efficient method to identify genetic associations with phenotypes. The distribution of ...

Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

RNA interference by feeding worms bacteria expressing dsRNAs has been a useful tool to assess gene function in C. elegans. While this strategy works well when a small number of genes are targeted for knockdown, large scale feeding screens show variable knockdown efficiencies, which limits their utility. We have deconstructed previously published RNAi knockdown protocols and found that the primary source of the reduced knockdown can be attributed to the loss of dsRNA-encoding plasmids from the bacteria fed to the animals. Based on these observations, we have developed a dsRNA feeding protocol that greatly reduces or eliminates plasmid loss to achieve efficient, high throughput knockdown. We demonstrate that this protocol will produce robust, reproducible knock down of C. elegans genes in multiple tissue types, including neurons, and will permit efficient knockdown in large scale screens. This protocol uses a commercially available dsRNA feeding library and describes all steps needed to duplicate the library and perform dsRNA screens. The protocol does not require the use of any sophisticated equipment, and can therefore be performed by any C. elegans lab.

Large-scale Gene Knockdown in C. elegans Using dsRNA Feeding Libraries to Generate Robust Loss-of-function Phenotypes

While dsRNA feeding in C. elegans is a powerful tool to assess gene function, current protocols for large scale feeding screens result in variable knockdown efficiencies. We describe an improved protocol for performing large scale RNAi feeding screens that results in highly efficacious and reproducible knockdown of gene expression.

RNA interference by feeding worms bacteria expressing dsRNAs has been a useful tool to assess gene function in C. elegans. While this strategy works well ...

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting factors, such as labor intensive sample preparations, low detection limits, slow scan speeds, intensive method optimization for each metabolite, and the inability to measure both positively and negatively charged ions in single experiments. Therefore, a novel metabolomics protocol could advance metabolomics studies. Amide-based hydrophilic chromatography enables polar metabolite analysis without any chemical derivatization. High resolution MS using the Q-Exactive (QE-MS) has improved ion optics, increased scan speeds (256 msec at resolution 70,000), and has the capability of carrying out positive/negative switching. Using a cold methanol extraction strategy, and coupling an amide column with QE-MS enables robust detection of 168 targeted polar metabolites and thousands of additional features simultaneously.&#160; Data processing is carried out with commercially available software in a highly efficient way, and unknown features extracted from the mass spectra can be queried in databases.

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. Utilizing normal-phased liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with polarity switching and a rapid duty cycle, we describe a protocol to analyze the polar metabolic composition of biological material with high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution.

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting ...

ODELAY: A Large-scale Method for Multi-parameter Quantification of Yeast Growth

Growth phenotypes of microorganisms are a strong indicator of their underlying genetic fitness and can be segregated into 3 growth regimes: lag-phase, log-phase, and stationary-phase. Each growth phase can reveal different aspects of fitness that are related to various environmental and genetic conditions. High-resolution and quantitative measurements of all 3 phases of growth are generally difficult to obtain. Here we present a detailed method to characterize all 3 growth phases on solid media using an assay called One-cell Doubling Evaluation of Living Arrays of Yeast (ODELAY). ODELAY quantifies growth phenotypes of individual cells growing into colonies on solid media using time-lapse microscopy. This method can directly observe population heterogeneity with each growth parameter in genetically identical cells growing into colonies. This population heterogeneity offers a unique perspective for understanding genetic and epigenetic regulation, and responses to genetic and environmental perturbations. While the ODELAY method is demonstrated using yeast, it can be utilized on any colony forming microorganism that is visible by bright field microscopy.

We present a method for quantifying growth phenotypes of individual yeast cells as they grow into colonies on solid media using time-lapse microscopy termed, One-cell Doubling Evaluation of Living Arrays of Yeast (ODELAY). Population heterogeneity of genetically identical cells growing into colonies can be directly observed and quantified.

Growth phenotypes of microorganisms are a strong indicator of their underlying genetic fitness and can be segregated into 3 growth regimes: lag-phase, ...