This work was supported in part by Grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFA1105503), the State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience (SKLN-202103), Zhejiang Natural Science Foundation of China (Y21H120019).

The care and handling of animals were approved by the Regulation of the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University in accordance with the ARVO guidelines. Adult mice (C57BL/6J, male and female, 8 to 12 weeks of age) were utilized in this research. The equipment and reagents needed for the study are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Preparation for retina fixation
<ol>
	<li>Assemble the following materials and tools: a dissecting microscope, two forceps with very fine tips, scissors, a 1 mL syringe needle (needle size: G26), and filter paper.</li>
	<li>Deeply anesthetize mice by intraperitoneal injection of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol at 0.25 mg/g of body weight. Subsequently, decapitate the mice and cut their heads16.</li>
	<li>Enucleate their eyes with elbow scissors and place them in a glass dish containing 4% paraformaldehyde-0.2% picric acid in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB; pH 7.4).</li>
	<li>Under the dissecting microscope, punch a hole at the corneal limbus using a 1 mL syringe needle and cut off the anterior segment with scissors, following the hole. Then, remove the lens from the inner retinal surface with forceps.</li>
	<li>Use two forceps to carefully peel the sclera until the retina is completely isolated from the eyecup (the cuppy retina tissue separated from the choroid completely). Subsequently, cut the retina into four pieces.</li>
	<li>Fix these sections in 4% paraformaldehyde-0.2% picric acid in 0.1 M PB (pH 7.4) for 2 h at room temperature (RT), and then transfer the tissue to 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M PB (pH 10.4) overnight at 4 &#176;C.</li>
</ol>
2. Pre-embedding immunostaining
<ol>
	<li>After washing in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) six times for 10 min each, incubate the retinal tissues in 1% sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Wash the retinal sections in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) at least six times. Meanwhile, remove the vitreous with filter paper and then cut the retina into small slices between 100-300 &#181;m using a double-edged razor blade.</li>
	<li>After blocking with 5% normal goat serum (NGS) in 0.1 M PB (pH 7.4) for 1 h at RT, incubate the retinal slices with primary antibodies (Anti-rabbit PKC&#945;, 1:80; Anti-Rabbit SP, 1:100) along with 2% NGS in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) for 2 h at RT on a shaker. Subsequently, incubate for 96 h (5 days) at 4 &#176;C on a shaker.</li>
	<li>After washing six times for 10 min each in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4), incubate the retinal slices with the secondary antibody at 1:200, such as goat anti-rabbit IgG, along with 2% NGS in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) for 2 h at RT on a shaker. Next, incubate for 48 h (2 days) at 4 &#176;C on a shaker. 
	NOTE: Secondary antibodies were applied alone in control experiments.</li>
	<li>Wash the retinal stripes in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) six times for 10 min each before incubating with reagent A and reagent B from the ABC kit at 1:100 in 0.01M PBS (pH 7.4) for 2 days at 4&#176;C. (Both reagent A and reagent B were diluted with 0.01 M PBS. For example: A solution: 6 &#956;l; B solution: 6 &#956;l; 0.01 M PBS: 588 &#956;l, total of 600 &#956;l).</li>
	<li>Wash the retinal stripes in 0.05 M Tris buffer (pH 7.2) three times for 10 min each. Then, pre-incubate the retinal stripes with 5% reagent 1 and 5% reagent 3 from the DAB kit in distilled water for 1 hour at room temperature. (The ratio for example: reagent 1: 50 &#956;l; reagent 3: 50 &#956;l; distilled water: 900 &#956;l, total of 1000 &#956;l).</li>
	<li>Stain the retinal stripes with DAB. Add the same volume of solution from three tubes in the DAB kit in sequence (reagent 1-reagent 2-reagent 3). Observe the staining condition using the dissection microscope. Stop the staining when cells become brown; this process takes 10-20 min.</li>
	<li>Wash the retinal stripes with 0.05 M Tris buffer (pH 7.2) three times for 10 min each and then wash in 0.01 M PBS six times for 10 min each.</li>
</ol>
3. Post-fixation and embedding
<ol>
	<li>Fix the retinal stripes in 2% glutaraldehyde for 1-2 h at room temperature (RT), and then wash in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.4) six times for 10 min each.</li>
	<li>Incubate the retinal stripes with 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4) in 0.1 M PB for 1 h at RT and keep them in a dark place.</li>
	<li>After washing in distilled water (ddH2O) six times for 10 min each, incubate the retinal tissues with uranyl acetate for 1 h at RT and keep them in a dark place to stain these tissues.</li>
	<li>Put the retinal tissues in acetone solutions (50%, 70%, 80%, and 90%) for 10 min each, then in 100% twice for 10 min each.</li>
	<li>Dip the retinal tissues in a mixture containing the same volume of uranyl acetate and an epoxy resin for 1 h at 37 &#176;C drying oven, followed by a mixture containing uranyl acetate and the resin (1:4) overnight at 37 &#176;C drying oven.</li>
	<li>Transfer the retinal tissues gently using a toothpick into the new resin for 1 h at 45 &#176;C in a drying oven, and then the orientated retinal stripe is embedded in the embedding plate with the resin.</li>
	<li>Put the sample in a 45 &#176;C drying oven for 3 h and a 65 &#176;C drying oven for 48 h.</li>
	<li>Shape the embedding blocks into trapezoids and cut the block into 1 &#181;m thick sections with an ultramicrotome, stain these sections with toluidine blue, and prescreen regions of interest under a light microscope.</li>
	<li>Collect ultrathin sections (70-90 nm) on copper grids and view them under an electron microscope.</li>
</ol>

Synaptic Circuits Analysis and Protein Localization in the Mouse Retina

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The authors have no disclosures.

This article has described three critical steps for the successful observation of synaptic circuits and protein localization: (1) quick and weak fixation, (2) pre-embedding immunostaining, and (3) post-fixation and embedding.
We propose that fixation is the key step for a successful pre-embedding immuno-EM approach. Thus, the importance of fresh fixative and fast fixation is emphasized here, naming this principle the &#34;4F principle,&#34; which is crucial in tissue preparation. However, achi...

The complexity of neuronal circuits in the retina presents challenges for exploration, considering the diverse cell types within its structure1,2. The initial step involves identifying synaptic connections between different cells and determining the cellular localization of specific neurotransmitters or neuropeptides. As molecular biology advances introduce new proteins, precise localization in the retina becomes crucial for understanding their functions and analyzing retinal circuits and synaptic connections3,4,5.
Due to the limited resolution of light microscopy, electron microscopy (EM) is commonly used to detect the subcellular structures of nerve cells. EM has various classifications, with conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) utilized for observing cell ultrastructures6,7,8,9. Immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM), which combines the spatial resolution of EM with the chemical identification ability of antibodies binding specifically to proteins10, stands out as the optimal and exclusive method for investigating synaptic connections and subcellular protein localization in the retina11,12.
Immuno-EM techniques can be divided into pre-embedding and post-embedding methods based on the order of embedding and antibody incubation. Compared with the post-embedding method, the pre-embedding approach is capable of large-scale and long-distance identification13,14,15, offering an optimal approach for studying cell processes like axons and dendrites. Additionally, this technique provides a strong signal and broad field of view, making it advantageous for comprehensive investigations of protein expression and molecular localization in the cytoplasm. This method proves particularly valuable in ensuring chemically identified structures that are visible throughout the entire cytoplasm, cells, or retina.
However, the post-embedding method, while having lower penetration or diffusion compared to the pre-embedding method, is not as sensitive16,17. In simple terms, if the goal is to explore the localization of specific neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm or synaptic terminals, the pre-embedding immuno-EM is the preferred method. Conversely, for identifying the localization of membrane receptors, it is more recommended to utilize post-embedding immunogold EM.
Given these considerations, we opt for the pre-embedding immuno-EM method to delve into retinal circuits, including the interaction between cone and rod pathways, and molecular localization, such as the distribution and synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-IR) in the mouse retina.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mL syringe needle</td>
			<td>kangdelai</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1% OsO4</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>19100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,2,2-Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T48402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8% Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>16020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>157-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>10000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rabbit PKC</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Rabbit SP</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab67006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAB Substrate kit</td>
			<td>MXB Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>KIT-9701/9702/9703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elbow scissors</td>
			<td>Suzhou66 vision company</td>
			<td>54010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electron microscope</td>
			<td>Phillips</td>
			<td>CM120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epon resin</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>14910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>forcep</td>
			<td>Suzhou66 vision company</td>
			<td>S101A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore filter paper</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td>PR05538</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4&#183; 12H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71650</td>
			<td>A component of phosphate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4&#183; H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71507</td>
			<td>A component of phosphate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picric acid</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>19550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>215511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>917R071</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultramicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Uranyl acetate</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>22400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VACTASTAIN ABC kit, Peroxidase (Rabbit IgG)</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>PK-4001</td>
			<td></td>
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investigating retinal circuits and molecular localization by pre&#45;embedding immunoelectron microscopy

The retina comprises numerous cells forming diverse neuronal circuits, which constitute the first stage of the visual pathway. Each circuit is characterized by unique features and distinct neurotransmitters, determining its role and functional significance. Given the intricate cell types within its structure, the complexity of neuronal circuits in the retina poses challenges for exploration. To better investigate retinal circuits and cross-talk, such as the link between cone and rod pathways, and precise molecular localization (neurotransmitters or neuropeptides), such as the presence of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the mouse retina, we employed a pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM) method to explore synaptic connections and organization. This approach enables us to pinpoint specific intercellular synaptic connections and precise molecular localization and could play a guiding role in exploring its function. This article describes the protocol, reagents used, and detailed steps, including (1) retina fixation preparation, (2) pre-embedding immunostaining, and (3) post-fixation and embedding.

Author Spotlight: Understanding the Ultrastructural Basis of Retinal Synaptic Connectivity and Neurotransmitter Localization in Mice 

Investigating Retinal Circuits and Molecular Localization by Pre&#45;Embedding Immunoelectron Microscopy

In our research, we focus on retinal physiology and the disease. They need to investigate the cellular composition and the specific neurotransmitters within the retina neural circuit. The overarching goal is to explore synaptic connections and the cellular localization of neurotransmitters throughout the entire pathway.The biggest challenge of immuno electron microscope technology is difficult in achieving a balance between structure, integrity, and positive signals. Through body immunoelectron microscopy, we provide for the first time immunochemically verified ultrastructural evidence for the labs and the review and explicit distribution, novel organic cell features, and the synaptic organization or SPIR is the most All findings suggest that the crosstalk between and the raw pathway is much more extensive than previously assumed. This neurochemically identified ultrastructural results reveal that on and off signaling may interconnect through chemical synapse in the retina's OPL.

Figure 1 shows examples of control experiments without the incubation of primary antibodies against either protein kinase C alpha (PKC&#945;) or SP, in which no immunoreactivity (IR) was found.
Figure 2 depicts the PKC&#945;-IR in the mouse retina. PKC&#945; serves as a marker for all rod bipolar cells (RBC) in the retina18. At the electron microscopy (EM) level, RBC can be identified through PKC&#945;-IR, visu...

This protocol outlines the detailed steps of pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy, with a focus on exploring synaptic circuits and protein localization in the retina.

The retina comprises numerous cells forming diverse neuronal circuits, which constitute the first stage of the visual pathway. Each circuit is ...

investigating-retinal-circuits-molecular-localization-preembedding

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Mouse Retinal Tissue Fixation and Immunostaining for Pre&#45;Embedding Immunoelectron Microscopy

To begin, assemble a dissecting microscope, two forceps with fine tips, scissors, a one milliliter syringe needle, and filter paper on a working platform. Next, using elbow scissors, nucleate the eyes from an anesthetized mouse. Place the eyes into a glass dish containing 4%paraformaldehyde and 0.2%picric acid in 0.1 molar phosphate buffer.On the dissecting microscope, using a one milliliter syringe, punch a hole at the corneal limbus and cut off the anterior segment with scissors. Use forceps to remove the lens from the inner retinal surface. Now using two forceps, carefully peel the sclera until the retina is completely isolated from the eye cup.Subsequently, cut the retina into four pieces. After overnight fixation and 4%paraformaldehyde solution, wash the retinal tissues in 0.01 molar PBS six times for 10 minutes each. Incubate the retinal tissue in 1%sodium borohydride in 0.01 molar PBS for 30 minutes.Again, wash the retinal sections in 0.01 molar PBS at least six times. Then, remove the vitreous with filter paper. And using a double-edged razor blade, slice the retina into small sections between 100 and 300 micrometers.Wash the retinal stripes in 0.01 molar PBS six times for 10 minutes each before incubating them with Reagent A and Reagent B from the ABC kit for two days. Next, wash the retinal stripes in 0.05 molar tris buffer three times for 10 minutes each. Pre-incubate the retinal stripes with 5%Reagent 1 and 5%Reagent 3 from the diaminobenzene, or DAB kit, in distilled water for one hour at room temperature.To stain the retinal stripes with DAB, add the same volume of solution from three tubes in the DAB kit in sequence. Under the dissection microscope, observe the staining condition. Wash the retinal strips with 0.05 molar tris buffer three times for 10 minutes each.Finally, wash the strips in 0.01 molar PBS six times for 10 minutes each. In control experiments, cone pedicles with two ribbons and rod spherical with one ribbon showed no immunoreactivity in the absence of primary antibodies. Protein kinase C alpha identified rod bipolar cells in the retina.The DAB standing showcases the presence of protein kinase C alpha and bipolar cell dendrites, forming synapses with rod and cone terminals in the outer plexiform layer. Additionally, the DAB reaction product aids in identifying rod bipolar cell terminals and axonal processes in the inner plexiform layer. Substance P immunoreactivity amacrine cells were shown to be presynaptic to substance P negative amacrine cells.Furthermore, substance P immunoreactivity amacrine cells were post-synaptic to bipolar terminals in the sublayer three and sublayer five levels of the inner plexiform layer, respectively.

255 Views.  Wenzhou Medical University.  This protocol outlines the detailed steps of pre-embedding immunoelectron microscopy, with a focus on exploring synaptic circuits and protein localization in the retina.

Synaptic Circuits Analysis and Protein Localization in the Mouse Retina

概要