This work was funded by a Faculty Research Grant (Northern Michigan University, awarded to M.A.C.), an undergraduate research fellowship (Northern Michigan University, awarded to J.C), and the Department of Chemistry. The authors wish to thank John Berger (NMU) for assistance with plant tissue preparation, Hannah Hawkins (NMU) for LC-MS maintenance and troubleshooting assistance, and Dr. Ryan Fornwald and his CH 495 (Natural Products Synthesis) students for their preparation the acetyltropine mix. The authors also wish to thank Dr. Daniel Jones (Michigan State University) for acquiring high-resolution MS/MS spectra.

CAUTION: Please consult all relevant material safety data sheets (MSDS) before using the listed chemicals.
1. Sample preparation
CAUTION: Liquid nitrogen can cause cryogen burns. Use cryogen gloves and eye protection in a well-ventilated area. Alkaloid-containing plant samples can be irritating to the skin; always handle them with gloves. Methanol is toxic and flammable and should be handled in a fume hood away from potential ignition sources.
NOTE: In theory, cultivated or wild plant tissue can be used (dried or ground fresh); the below procedure is just that utilized during method development.
<ol>
	<li>If the plant tissue of interest is fresh, freeze it by placing it in a polypropylene conical tube and immersing it in liquid nitrogen for 2-3 min.</li>
	<li>Place the frozen plant tissue into a pre-chilled mortar (in a polystyrene cooler with liquid nitrogen), and using a pre-chilled pestle, grind the tissue to a uniform powder.</li>
	<li>Quickly weigh the desired amount of tissue into a tared polypropylene microcentrifuge tube using a pre-chilled spatula, and immediately add 20% methanol (at room temperature [RT]) at a concentration of 1 mL per every 100 mg of tissue. 
	NOTE: Methanol (20%) is commonly used to extract TAs25. Occasionally, 0.1% formic acid is added, although no difference in extraction efficiency was observed during the development of this method and others.</li>
	<li>Place the capped tubes on a rocking shaker (medium speed) for a minimum of 3 h at RT.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the tubes at 9464 x g for 10 min. Pipette off the supernatant into an LC-MS autosampler vial, or, if still cloudy, filter through a 0.45 &#181;m syringe filter first. 
	NOTE: The protocol can be paused here, although processed fresh plant samples and extracts should be stored in a -80 &#730;C freezer prior to analysis to avoid any potential alkaloid degradation.</li>
</ol>
2. LC-MS instrument configuration and data collection
CAUTION: Acetonitrile is toxic and flammable; keep away from ignition sources and control vapors using a fume hood. Formic acid is corrosive; avoid skin and eye contact and wear appropriate personal protective equipment.
<ol>
	<li>Use an LC-MS instrument with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and a reversed-phase HPLC column (C18, 4.6 x 100 mm).</li>
	<li>For HPLC, use 0.1% formic acid in H2O as Solvent A and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile as Solvent B; equilibrate the column with 99% A and 1% B. Configure a 30 min gradient of 1%-50% B over 26 min, returning to 1% B at 26.01 min, and holding at 1% B for 4 min. Use a column oven temperature of 45 &#730;C and a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min.</li>
	<li>In the LC-MS method, use the following operating parameters for the mass spectrometer: interface voltage: 4.0 kV, nebulizing gas flow: 3 L/min, heating gas flow: 10 L/min, DL temperature: 250 &#730;C, heat block temperature: 400 &#730;C, interface temperature: 300 &#730;C, drying gas flow: 10 L/min, and collision-induced dissociation (CID) gas (argon) pressure of 17 kPa.</li>
	<li>Build an MS method in ESI positive mode that includes both a Q3 scan and a Q1 scan (100-1000 Da) that functions as a survey event (set to the length of the LC method), with automatic isotope exclusion enabled. Include a product ion scan as a dependent event of the Q1 scan (DD analysis), with a mass window of 50-1000 Da, a collision cell energy of -20 V, and an event time of &#60;0.2 s. 
	NOTE: The count threshold for triggering Q1&#39;s DD product ion scan can be variable, but typically, a level of 7,000-10,000 counts is used. On some instruments, such as the one used to develop the method, the Q3 scan provides greater mass accuracy and sensitivity than Q1 and is included to confirm ions observed in the Q1 scan, although it can be omitted from step 2.4 without issue.</li>
	<li>To the above MS method, add positive-mode PrISs equal to the length of the LC method with collision cell energies of -20 V and event times of 0.75 s. Make sure in all cases, Automatic Isotope Exclude, or De-isotoping functions are enabled. Ensure that the m/z values of interest for TA fragments (in Da, see Figure 1A) are 124.1 (for monosubstituted TAs, mass window of 125-1000 Da), 122.1 and 140.1 (for disubstituted TAs, mass windows beginning at 123 and 141 Da, respectively), and 156.1 and 138.1 (for trisubstituted TAs, mass windows beginning at 157 and 139 Da, respectively). 
	NOTE: During method development, the PrIS were split over two different methods, one for mono- and disubstituted TAs and one for trisubstituted TAs, although they can be split up or combined any way.</li>
	<li>Build a second MS method that includes the parameters in step 2.4.
	<ol>
		<li>To that MS/MS method, add positive-mode NLS equal to the length of the LC method, with collision cell energies of -20 V and event times of 0.75 s. Make sure in all cases, Automatic Isotope Exclude or De-isotoping functions are enabled.</li>
		<li>Ensure that the neutral loss masses of interest for esters on TAs (in Da, see Figure 1B) are 100.05 (for esters derived from tiglic acid, mass window of 110-1000 Da), 60.03 (for acetyl groups, mass window of 100-1000 Da), and 166.06 (phenyllactic or tropic acid esters, mass window of 170-1000 Da).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Download the LC-MS method and create data files for the samples of interest. Once the HPLC column is equilibrated at 45 &#730;C, run the samples of interest in a batch or project file with appropriate extraction solvent blanks between different species or tissue types. A typical injection volume is 10-20 &#181;L. 
	NOTE: At especially high volumes, the mass spectrometer detector may be saturated. If running very concentrated samples, be sure that the ESI source is cleaned and the instrument is tuned regularly. The protocol can be paused here after all data is collected.</li>
</ol>
3. Data analysis
<ol>
	<li>Examine the total ion chromatogram of the Q1 and Q3 scans (and the DD product ion scan), and note the parent mass of any abundant ions which have TA-like features: a) mass &#60;500 Da for the [M+H]+ ion, usually an even-mass, b) typical r.t.s between 2-22 min using the above LC method, and c) fragments from the following list: m/z 93, 124, 142, 140, 122, 138, 156, 174, 110, or 128 Da.</li>
	<li>Examine the PrIS chromatogram/channel for m/z 124, and note which peaks/ions are at which r.t.s (recorded in step 3.1) produce this fragment. Click scan-by-scan through the chromatogram as well as examine the full MS/MS spectra obtained in the DD product ion scan, especially for lower-abundance species. 
	NOTE: A true species containing this fragment will exist for multiple scans and appear in both the Q1 and Q3 scans (if the latter is used). A spreadsheet is attached in the Supporting Information (Supplementary File 1) to aid with&#160;annotations.</li>
	<li>Repeat step 3.2 with the other PrIS chromatograms. As both m/z 122 and 140 are indicative of disubstituted TAs and both m/z 138 and 156 are indicative of trisubstituted TAs, examine these chromatograms/channels together.</li>
	<li>Examine the NLS chromatogram/channels for m/z 100, 60, and 166, and note which peaks/ions at which r.t.s (recorded in step 3.1) produce these neutral losses. As with the PrIS, click scan-by-scan through the chromatogram and compare with the fragmentation obtained in the DD product ion scan, especially for lower-abundance species.</li>
	<li>Using the combination of PrIS and NLS data, supported by the DD product ion scan results, make putative annotations of the observed alkaloids by adding the smallest tropane mass (e.g., 124, 122, or 138) and the neutral loss and then accounting for the remaining leftover mass. 
	NOTE: Typical groups substituting TAs (and their masses in Da) are hydroxyl (18), acetyl (60), propionyl (74), isobutyryl (88), tigloyl (100), saturated tigloyl/2-methylbutyryl (102), or phenyllactate/tropic acid (166).</li>
	<li>Compare annotations for alkaloids to those reported in the literature17 and databases (e.g., MoNA)26 to determine which TA substitution patterns are reported (and which are potentially novel). Additionally, use standards of some common tropane alkaloids (e.g., atropine, littorine, scopolamine) that are commercially available for confirmation.</li>
	<li>For additional structural information for low-abundance samples (the PrIS and NLS may pick up ions below the dependent event thresholds), collect a specific product ion scan (utilizing the mass of interest as the precursor ion) on a more concentrated sample. 
	NOTE: This method was developed on a low-resolution QQQ instrument. For all putative new compounds, a high-resolution MS instrument should be used to obtain accurate mass spectra.</li>
</ol>

Classification of Tropane Alkaloids from Plant Metabolites Using LC-MS/MS

<ol>
	<li>Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+products+as+sources+of+new+drugs+over+the+30+years+from+1981+to+2010.">Natural products as sources of new drugs over the 30 years from 1981 to 2010.</a> J Nat Prod. 75, 311-335 (2012).</li><li>Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+products+as+sources+of+new+drugs+over+the+nearly+four+decades+from+01/1981+to+09/2019.">Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019.</a> J Nat Prod. 83 (3), 770-803 (2020).</li><li>Kohnen-Johannsen, K., Kayser, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tropane+alkaloids:+Chemistry,+pharmacology,+biosynthesis+and+production.">Tropane alkaloids: Chemistry, pharmacology, biosynthesis and production.</a> Molecules. 24 (4), 796 (2019).</li><li>Shim, K. H., Kang, M. J., Sharma, N., An, S. S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beauty+of+the+beast:+anticholinergic+tropane+alkaloids+in+therapeutics.">Beauty of the beast: anticholinergic tropane alkaloids in therapeutics.</a> Nat Prod Bioprospect. 12 (1), 33 (2022).</li><li>Web Annex A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=World+Health+Organization+Model+List+of+Essential+Medicines+-+23rd+List,+2023.">World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines - 23rd List, 2023.</a> The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines 2023: Executive Summary of the Report of the 24th WHO Expert Committee on the Selection and Use of Essential Medicines. , 24-28 (2023).</li><li>Kerchner, A., Farkas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Worldwide+poisoning+potential+of+Brugmansia+and+Datura.">Worldwide poisoning potential of Brugmansia and Datura.</a> Forensic Toxicol. 38, 30-41 (2020).</li><li>Hanna, J. P., Schmidley, J. W., Braselton, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Datura+delirium.">Datura delirium.</a> Clin Neuropharmacol. 15, 109-113 (1992).</li><li>Alexander, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scientific+opinion+of+the+panel+on+contaminants+in+the+food+chain+on+a+request+from+the+European+Commission+on+tropane+alkaloids+(from+Datura+sp.)+as+undesirable+substances+in+animal+feed.">Scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain on a request from the European Commission on tropane alkaloids (from Datura sp.) as undesirable substances in animal feed.</a> EFSA J. 691, 1-55 (2008).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-G&#243;mez, L., Morante-Zarcero, S., P&#233;rez-Quintanilla, D., Sierra, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Occurrence+and+chemistry+of+Tropane+alkaloids+in+foods,+with+a+focus+on+sample+analysis+methods:+A+review+on+recent+trends+and+technological+advances.">Occurrence and chemistry of Tropane alkaloids in foods, with a focus on sample analysis methods: A review on recent trends and technological advances.</a> Foods. 11 (3), 407 (2022).</li><li>Cirlini, M., Cappucci, V., Galaverna, G., Dall'Asta, C., Bruni, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS+method+for+the+determination+of+tropane+alkaloids+in+herbal+teas+and+extracts.">A sensitive UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the determination of tropane alkaloids in herbal teas and extracts.</a> Food Control. 105, 285-291 (2019).</li><li>Amorim Madiera, P. J., Florencio, M. H., Prasain, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+Tandem+Mass+Spectrometry:+From+Structural+Analysis+to+Fundamental+Studies.">Applications of Tandem Mass Spectrometry: From Structural Analysis to Fundamental Studies.</a> Tandem Mass Spectrometry - Applications and Principles. , (2012).</li><li>Xing, J., Xie, C., Lou, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+applications+of+liquid+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+in+natural+products+bioanalysis.">Recent applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in natural products bioanalysis.</a> J Pharm Biomed Anal. 44 (2), 368-378 (2007).</li><li>Negrin, A., Long, C., Motley, T. J., Kennelly, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LC-MS+metabolomics+and+chemotaxonomy+of+caffeine-containing+holly+(Ilex)+species+and+related+taxa+in+the+Aquifoliaceae.">LC-MS metabolomics and chemotaxonomy of caffeine-containing holly (Ilex) species and related taxa in the Aquifoliaceae.</a> J. Agric. Food Chem. 67 (19), 5687-5699 (2019).</li><li>Och, A., Szewczyk, K., Pecio, L., Stochmal, A., Zaluski, D., Bogucka-Kocka, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UPLC-MS/MS+profile+of+alkaloids+with+cytotoxic+properties+of+selected+medicinal+plants+of+the+Berberidaceae+and+Papaveraceae+families.">UPLC-MS/MS profile of alkaloids with cytotoxic properties of selected medicinal plants of the Berberidaceae and Papaveraceae families.</a> Oxid Med Cell Longevity. 2017, 9369872 (2017).</li><li>Li, Y., Pang, T., Shi, J., Liu, X., Deng, J., Lin, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+determination+of+alkaloids+and+their+related+tobacco-specific+nitrosamines+in+tobacco+leaves+using+LC-MS-MS.">Simultaneous determination of alkaloids and their related tobacco-specific nitrosamines in tobacco leaves using LC-MS-MS.</a> J Chromatogr Sci. 53 (10), 1730-1736 (2015).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-G&#243;mez, L., Morante-Zarcero, S., Pereira, J. A. M., C&#226;mara, J. S., Sierra, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+analytical+approach+for+determination+of+tropane+alkaloids+in+leafy+vegetables+based+on+&#181;-QuEChERS+combined+with+HPLC-MS/MS.">Improved analytical approach for determination of tropane alkaloids in leafy vegetables based on &#181;-QuEChERS combined with HPLC-MS/MS.</a> Toxins. 14 (10), 650 (2022).</li><li>Cinelli, M. A., Jones, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alkaloids+of+the+Genus+Datura:+Review+of+a+rich+resource+for+natural+product+discovery.">Alkaloids of the Genus Datura: Review of a rich resource for natural product discovery.</a> Molecules. 26, 2629 (2021).</li><li>Gon&#231;alves Dantas, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dereplication+of+tropane+alkaloids+from+four+Erythroxylum+species+using+liquid+chromatography+coupled+with+ESI-MSn+and+HRESIMS.">Dereplication of tropane alkaloids from four Erythroxylum species using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MSn and HRESIMS.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 37 (21), e9629 (2023).</li><li>Santos, C. L. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+networking-based+dereplication+of+strictosidine-derived+monoterpene+indole+alkaloids+from+the+curare+ingredient+Strychnos+peckii.">Molecular networking-based dereplication of strictosidine-derived monoterpene indole alkaloids from the curare ingredient Strychnos peckii.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 34 (3), e8683 (2020).</li><li>Qin, G. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MS/MS-based+molecular+networking:+An+efficient+approach+for+natural+products+dereplication.">MS/MS-based molecular networking: An efficient approach for natural products dereplication.</a> Molecules. 28, 157 (2023).</li><li>Du, N., Zhou, W., Jin, H., Liu, Y., Zhou, H., Liang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+tropane+and+cinnamamide+alkaloids+from+Scopolia+tangutica+by+high-performance+liquid+chromatography+with+quadrupole+time-of-flight+tandem+mass+spectrometry.">Characterization of tropane and cinnamamide alkaloids from Scopolia tangutica by high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry.</a> J Sep Sci. 42 (6), 1163-1173 (2019).</li><li>Agnes, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implementation+of+a+MS/MS+database+for+isoquinoline+alkaloids+and+other+annonaceous+metabolites.">Implementation of a MS/MS database for isoquinoline alkaloids and other annonaceous metabolites.</a> Sci Data. 9 (1), 270 (2022).</li><li>Sixto, A., P&#233;rez-Parada, A., Niell, S., Heinzen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GC-MS+and+LC-MS/MS+workflows+for+the+identification+and+quantitation+of+pyrrolizidine+alkaloids+in+plant+extracts,+a+case+study:+Echium+plantagineum.">GC-MS and LC-MS/MS workflows for the identification and quantitation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in plant extracts, a case study: Echium plantagineum.</a> Rev Bras Farmacog. 29 (4), 500-503 (2019).</li><li>Wang, H., Xu, X., Wang, X., Guo, W., Jia, W., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analytical+strategy+for+discovering+structural+analogues+of+alkaloids+in+plant+food+using+characteristic+structural+fragments+extraction+by+high+resolution+orbitrap+mass+spectrometry.">An analytical strategy for discovering structural analogues of alkaloids in plant food using characteristic structural fragments extraction by high resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry.</a> LWT- Sci Technol. 154, 112329 (2022).</li><li>Parks, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redirecting+tropane+alkaloid+metabolism+reveals+pyrrolidine+alkaloid+diversity+in+Atropa+belladonna.">Redirecting tropane alkaloid metabolism reveals pyrrolidine alkaloid diversity in Atropa belladonna.</a> New Phytol. 237 (5), 1810-1825 (2023).</li><li>. MassBank of North America Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu">https://mona.fiehnlab.ucdavis.edu</a> (2024)</li><li>Maier, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorodaturatin+und+Homofluorodaturatin+-+zwei+neue+&#946;-carbolinderivate+in+Samen+von+Datura+stramonium+L.+var.+stramonium.">Fluorodaturatin und Homofluorodaturatin - zwei neue &#946;-carbolinderivate in Samen von Datura stramonium L. var. stramonium.</a> Monatsh Chem. 112, 1425-1439 (1981).</li><li>Jennett-Siems, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotaxonomy+of+the+pantropical+genus+Merremia+(Convolvulaceae)+based+on+the+distribution+of+tropane+alkaloids.">Chemotaxonomy of the pantropical genus Merremia (Convolvulaceae) based on the distribution of tropane alkaloids.</a> Phytochemistry. 66, 1448-1464 (2005).</li><li>Kohnen, K. L., Sezgin, S., Spiteller, M., Hagels, H., Kayser, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+and+organization+of+scopolamine+biosynthesis+in+Duboisia+myoporoides+R.">Localization and organization of scopolamine biosynthesis in Duboisia myoporoides R.</a> Br. Plant Cell Physiol. 59 (1), 107-118 (2018).</li><li>Guan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full+collision+energy+ramp-MS2+spectrum+in+structural+analysis+relying+on+MS/MS.">Full collision energy ramp-MS2 spectrum in structural analysis relying on MS/MS.</a> Anal Chem. 93 (46), 15381-15389 (2021).</li><li>Al Balkhi, M. H., Schlitz, S., Lesur, D., Lanoue, A., Wadouachi, M., Boitel-Conti, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Norlittorine+and+norhyoscyamine+identified+as+products+of+littorine+and+hyoscyamine+metabolism+by+13C-labeling+in+Datura+innoxia+hairy+roots.">Norlittorine and norhyoscyamine identified as products of littorine and hyoscyamine metabolism by 13C-labeling in Datura innoxia hairy roots.</a> Phytochemistry. 74, 105-114 (2012).</li><li>Sumner, L. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proposed+minimum+reporting+standards+for+chemical+analysis.">Proposed minimum reporting standards for chemical analysis.</a> Metabolomics. 3, 211-221 (2007).</li><li>Gambaro, V., Labbe, C., Castillo, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angeloyl,+Tigloyl+and+Senecioyloxytropane+Alkaloids+from+Schizanthus+hookerii.">Angeloyl, Tigloyl and Senecioyloxytropane Alkaloids from Schizanthus hookerii.</a> Phytochemistry. 22 (8), 1838-1839 (1983).</li><li>Christen, P., Cretton, S., Humam, M., Bieri, S., Mu&#241;oz, O., Joseph-Nathan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemistry+and+biological+activity+of+alkaloids+from+the+genus+Schizanthus.">Chemistry and biological activity of alkaloids from the genus Schizanthus.</a> Phytochem Rev. 19, 615-641 (2020).</li><li>Lounasmaa, M., Tamminen, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Tropane+Alkaloids.">The Tropane Alkaloids.</a> The Alkaloids: Chemistry and Pharmacology. , (1993).</li></ol>

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Although&#160;the instrument parameters provided in the protocol allow for satisfactory performance, the successful use of this method may require careful attention to or optimization of several critical steps. While the HPLC solvent gradient provided in step 2.2 is generally appropriate for tropane alkaloids, it may need to be modified depending on the tropane alkaloid profile of the sample or plant species being examined. The sample injection volume can also be changed depending on the sensitivity of the instrument and...

Although fully synthetic molecules have become more prominent in drug discovery in recent decades, nearly two-thirds of all approved drugs from the last 39 years are natural products or natural-product-inspired,1,2&#160;underscoring the continued importance of natural products research. Alkaloids, certain nitrogen-containing natural products, are especially prized for their medicinal properties. Tropane alkaloids (TAs) containing the [3.2.1.]-bicyclic nitrogen-containing system, are produced mostly by plants in the Solanaceae (nightshade), Erythroxylaceae, and Convolvulaceae families. Examples include atropine, scopolamine, and cocaine; multiple semi-synthetic or synthetic tropanes are also used clinically3. TAs and their derivatives are used to treat many conditions3,4 and several of these drugs appear on the WHO&#39;s 2023 List of Essential Medicines5. Because of their potent activities, TAs are also used recreationally (as stimulants or deliriants) and can cause poisoning upon ingestion of plants (or preparations) that contain them6,7. TAs are undesirable in human and animal food8 and can taint teas, spices, grains, honey, and herbal supplements9,10.&#160;Because of both their medicinal promise and ability to poison, analytical methods that can aid in the discovery of new TAs (and identification of known TAs) are useful.
In tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), &#34;mass filters&#34; (e.g., quadrupoles, time-of-flight tubes) are coupled together physically (&#34;in-space&#34;), or an instrument employs additional &#34;in-time&#34; reaction/separation steps. In-space MS/MS uses different modes to select and fragment different ions at the different mass filters (e.g., the quadrupoles of a triple-quadrupole or QQQ instrument). These different modes can be used to determine which specific fragments are made by a given ion (product ion scan), which ions in a sample yield certain fragments (precursor ion scan or PrIS) or undergo losses of a characteristic mass (neutral loss scan or NLS), or which specific compounds possess which specific fragments (multiple reaction monitoring). MS/MS, therefore, provides fragments that are useful for proposing structures for new compounds or confirming an existing compound&#39;s presence. MS/MS is increasingly used in the drug discovery, natural products chemistry, and metabolomics fields11,12,&#160;and has been used to profile alkaloid-containing species (for phytochemical characterization or chemotaxonomic analysis) and to detect and quantify specific alkaloids in food or medicinal plants10,13,14,15,16.
Despite the many mass spectrometry techniques available, there are challenges in finding new alkaloids. In addition to finding a candidate organism to screen, a full structural confirmation of an alkaloid is an arduous process that may include many different analytical techniques. Additionally, researchers could isolate a compound that is already known, wasting labor, time, and resources. This is especially difficult for TAs, where hundreds, if not thousands of TAs, many of which are isomeric with one another, are reported. The process of &#34;identifying the knowns and distinguishing them from the unknowns&#34; is known as dereplication. Databases of the retention times (r.t.s) and mass fragments of different TAs and other compounds are published to aid with this process17,18.&#160;Nonetheless, dereplication is laborious; merely annotating (i.e., assigning putative structures to) the alkaloids in a sample&#39;s entire LC-MS/MS chromatogram is time-consuming. Recently, both molecular networking19,20 and manual dereplication18,21,22 have been used for benzylisoquinoline, monoterpene indole, and tropane alkaloids, and PrISs have been used for &#34;structural filtering&#34; of spectra to identify pyrrolizidine and solanine-type alkaloids23,24.&#160;There are no specific methods or workflows available for rapid LC-MS/MS-based dereplication of TA-containing samples, however, even though TAs possess common, easily-identifiable fragments (Figure 1). The method described here uses a combination of data-dependent (DD) product ion scans, PrISs, and NLSs to annotate and classify TA structures in plants based on both the distinct fragmentation patterns for mono-, di-, and trisubstituted tropanes (Figure 1A) and the losses of common ester groups found in these alkaloids (Figure 1B). The study organisms are several species in the nightshade genus Datura. A rich source of diverse TAs, Datura has been used&#160;throughout the world&#39;s history for medicinal and cultural purposes17- and is a challenging matrix to dereplicate because of its numerous, structurally similar TAs, providing us with appealing samples upon which to test our method.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile, For UHPLC, suitable for mass spectometry</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>900667</td>
			<td>HPLC solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Argon gas</td>
			<td>AirGas</td>
			<td>AR UHP300</td>
			<td>CID gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic acid, 99% for analysis</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AC270480010</td>
			<td>HPLC additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guard column holder</td>
			<td>Restek</td>
			<td>25812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC, Shimadzu LC-2030C 3D Plus</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>228-65802-58</td>
			<td>HPLC column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LCMS, Shimdazu LCMS-8045</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>225-31800-44</td>
			<td>Mass spectrometer; we ran LabSolutions software, which is standard for Shimadzu instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td>AirGas</td>
			<td>NI 180LT22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol, for HPLC/UHPLC/LCMS</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BDH 85800.400</td>
			<td>For making extraction solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>2400-37</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mortar&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB961C</td>
			<td>For grinding plant tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pestle</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB961M</td>
			<td>For grinding plant tissues</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette 1000 mL</td>
			<td>Gilson&#160;</td>
			<td>F144059M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette tip 1000 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>02-707-404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plant tissues</td>
			<td>Various sources</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Can be anything wild or cultivated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene conical tubes, 15 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-539-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene cooler</td>
			<td>ULINE</td>
			<td>S-18312</td>
			<td>The type of coolers that reagents for molecular biology are shipped in would be appropriate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roc C18 3 &#181;m, 100 mm x 4.6 mm</td>
			<td>Restek</td>
			<td>9534315</td>
			<td>HPLC column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roc C18, 10 mm x 4 mm</td>
			<td>Restek</td>
			<td>953450210</td>
			<td>Guard column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rocking shaker</td>
			<td>Themo Scientific</td>
			<td>11-676-680</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screw thread vial convenience kit (9 mm)</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>13-622-190</td>
			<td>LCMS autosampler vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe, 3 mL</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>03-377-27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter 0.45 &#181;m&#160;</td>
			<td>Avantor/VWR</td>
			<td>76479-008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water, for use in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry</td>
			<td>JT Baker</td>
			<td>9831-03</td>
			<td>For making extraction solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water solution, contains 0.1% v/v formic acid, For UHPLC, suitable for mass spectometry</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>900687-1L</td>
			<td>HPLC solvent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

applications of liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in natural products research: tropane alkaloids as a case study

Although many drugs utilized today are synthetic in origin, natural products still provide a rich source of novel chemical diversity and bioactivity, and can yield promising leads for resistant or emerging diseases. The challenge, however, is twofold: not only must researchers find natural products and elucidate their structures, but they must also identify what is worth isolating and assaying (and what is already known - a process known as dereplication). With the advent of modern analytical instrumentation, the pace of natural product discovery and dereplication has accelerated. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become an especially valuable technique for identifying and classifying chemical structures. Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are plant-derived compounds of great medicinal and toxicological significance. In this study, we developed an LC-MS/MS-based screening workflow utilizing the multiple MS/MS configurations available on a triple-quadrupole (QQQ) mass spectrometer to annotate and classify TA structures based on their distinct fragmentation patterns. By using a combination of data-dependent (DD) product ion scans, precursor ion scans (PrIS), and neutral loss scans (NLS), we applied this method to TA-rich extracts of the nightshades Datura stramonium and Datura metel. This method is rapid, sensitive, and was successfully employed for both preliminary dereplication of complex TA-containing samples and for the discovery of a novel candidate for isolation, purification (and eventual bioassay).

Author Spotlight: Discovering New Alkaloids in Plants with Advanced Mass Spectrometry Techniques

Applications of Liquid-Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study

In the simplest form of our research, we are trying to discover new molecules in plants. Plants are chemically complex, and some of these chemicals may be medicinally useful. We're especially interested in finding new alkaloids, which are certain molecules that contain nitrogen.Recently, we have so many new different alkaloid instruments and techniques available, so people discover more and more new molecules every day. With these instruments, we can answer questions like what chemicals are present, when are they present, and what part of the plant can they be found? Mass spectrometry as an analytical technique has really improved over the past 50 years.Instruments are more powerful, less expensive, and have higher resolution. And these techniques allow us to not only identify more plant molecules like alkaloids but also be more sure in our identification. This method is fast and sensitive.We were able to collect a full set of data on nightshade plants containing many tropane alkaloids in 60 to 90 minutes, and assign proposed structures to even though low upon those alkaloids. We're very interested in developing tandem mass spectrometry-based filtering methods for other classes of alkaloids and using methods like these to study how plant chemistry differs between different species, different plant parts, and different growth stages.

To demonstrate the method&#39;s effectiveness, a standard mix of TAs (10 &#181;g/mL each of an acetyltropine/acetylpseudotropine mix [monosubstituted], 10 &#181;g/mL each of a mixture of two anisodamine isomers [disubstituted], along with hyoscyamine [monosubstituted], littorine [monosubstituted], and scopolamine [trisubstituted]) was analyzed as a positive control (Figure 2). A full Q1 scan chromatogram (displayed in the base peak chromatogram view) is shown in Figure 2...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Applications of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Natural Products Research: Tropane Alkaloids as a Case Study at JoVE.com

We present a method for rapid mass spectrometry (MS)/mass spectrometry (MS)-based annotation and classification of tropane alkaloids, useful for both preliminary dereplication of tropane-containing samples and discovery of novel alkaloids for isolation.

Although many drugs utilized today are synthetic in origin, natural products still provide a rich source of novel chemical diversity and bioactivity, and ...

applications-liquid-chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry-natural

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Optimization of LC-MS Methods for the Analysis of Alkaloids in Plant Samples

To begin, use a pre-chilled spatula to add 100 milligrams of plant tissue powder into a tiered polypropylene microcentrifuge tube. Then immediately add one milliliter of 20%methanol to the tube. Place the capped tube on a rocking shaker for three hours at room temperature.Next, centrifuge the tube at 9, 464 G for 10 minutes, and collect the supernatant into an LC-MS autosampler vial. Set up an LC-MS instrument with an electrospray ionization source and a reverse phase HPLC column. For HPLC, use 0.1%formic acid in water as solvent A and 0.1%formic acid in acetonitrile as solvent B.Adjust the column oven temperature to 45 degrees Celsius and the flow rate to 0.5 milliliters per minute.Equilibrate the column with 99%A and 1%B. Set up a 30-minute gradient for solvent B concentration to increase from 1%to 50%over 26 minutes, then rapidly return to 1%B at 26.01 minutes and hold for four minutes. Configure the mass spectrometer's operating parameters.Set the interface voltage to four kilovolts, the nebulizing gas flow to three liters per minute, and the heating gas flow to 10 liters per minute. Adjust the desolvation line temperature to 250 degrees Celsius, heat block temperature to 400 degrees Celsius, and interface temperature to 300 degrees Celsius. Set drying gas flow to 10 liters per minute and collision-induced dissociation gas pressure to 17 kilopascals.Build an MS method in electrospray ionization source positive mode, include both Q3 and Q1 scans covering the mass range of 100 to 1, 000 daltons with the Q1 scan serving as a survey event with automatic isotope exclusion. Add a product ion scan link to the Q1 scan with a mass window of 50 to 1, 000 daltons, collision cell energy of minus 20 volts, and an event time of less than 0.2 seconds. Next, adjust the MS method to add positive mode precursor ion scans equal to the length of the LC method with collision cell energies of minus 20 volts and event times of 0.75 seconds.Ensure that in all cases, automatic isotope exclude or deisotoping functions are enabled. Set the master charge values for monosubstituted, disubstituted, and trisubstituted tropane alkaloid fragments. Next, to the MS-MS method, add positive mode neutral loss scans equal to the length of the LC method with collision cell energies of minus 20 volts and event times of 0.75 seconds.Ensure that in all cases, automatic isotopic exclude or deisotoping functions are enabled. Set up the neutral loss masses of interest for esters on tropane alkaloids for esters derived from tiglic acid, acetyl groups, and phenyllactic or tropic acid esters. Download the LC-MS method and create data files for the samples of interest.Once the HPLC column is equilibrated at 45 degrees Celsius, inject 10 to 20 microliters of sample.

Analytical Strategies for the Identification and Characterization of Tropane Alkaloids in Plant Samples Using LC-MS

After the LCMS run of plant root extracts, examine the total ion chromatogram of the Q1 and Q3 scans, including the data-dependent product ion scan. Observe for parent mass of abundant ions with tropane alkaloid-like features, including a mass under 500 Daltons for the positively charged ion, typically, an even number. Retention times between two to 22 minutes, and fragments matching master charge values consistent with tropane alkaloids.Examine the precursor ion scan chromatogram or channel specifically for master charge 124, and determine which peaks or ions at which retention times produce this specific fragment. Click scan by scan, through the chromatogram and review the full MS-MS spectra from the data-dependent product ion scan, especially for lower abundant species. Next, analyze the precursor ion scan chromatograms together for master charge 122 and 140, which indicate disubstituted tropane alkaloids, and master charge 138 and 156, indicative of trisubstituted tropane alkaloids.Examine the neutral loss scan chromatogram or channels for master charge 160 and 166. Identify which peaks or ions produce neutral losses and note their retention times. Click scan by scan through the chromatogram and compare with the data-dependent product ion scan fragmentation, especially for lower abundant species.Use the combination of precursor ion scan and neutral loss scan data, supported by data-dependent product ion scan results, to make putative annotations of the observed alkaloids. Start with the smallest tropane mass, then add the neutral loss, and account for any remaining mass. Compare the alkaloid annotations against those reported in the literature to determine the tropane alkaloid substitution pattern.Additionally, use commercially available standards of common tropane alkaloids for confirmation. The full Q1 scan chromatogram of Datura metel root extract revealed diverse tropane alkaloids with varying abundances. Features for master charge 124, 122, 140, 138, and 156 indicated the presence of tropane alkaloids.Many of these tropane alkaloids were acetylated, tigloylated, or derived from phenolactic or tropic acid, as evidenced by the signals in the neutral loss scan chromatograms. Spectral data utilization enabled the annotation of specific alkaloids, notably identifying a compound with apparent mass of master charge 224. The method allowed for the deduction of a compound structure through its fragmentation pattern and neutral loss, confirming the presence of tigloyl groups as substitutions.The examination of a methanol water extract from Datura stramonium seeds yielded a full Q1 scan base peak chromatogram, identifying a highly abundant monosubstituted tropane alkaloid, likely hyoscyamine. The high resolution MS-MS spectrum also allows the identification of new alkaloids from Datura stramonium seeds.

612 Views.  Northern Michigan University.  We present a method for rapid mass spectrometry (MS)/mass spectrometry (MS)-based annotation and classification of tropane alkaloids, useful for both preliminary dereplication of tropane-containing samples and discovery of novel alkaloids for isolation.