This research was supported by ERA-CVD-2019 and ANR-JCJC-2020 to SS. We thank the Genomics and Bioinformatics facility (GBiM) from the U 1251/Marseille Medical Genetics lab and the anonymous reviewers for providing valuable comments.

The animal procedure adopted in this study was approved by the animal ethics committees of the Aix-Marseille University (C2EA-14) and was carried out according to protocols approved by the appointed national ethical committee for animal experimentation (Minist&#232;re de l&#39;Education Nationale, de l&#39;Enseignement Sup&#233;rieur et de la Recherche; Authorization Apafis N&#176;33927-2021111715507212).
1. Setting up the timed mating prior to dissection
<ol>
	<li>To generate mouse embryos, perform a timed mating between adult mice 9.5 days prior to heart region isolation. In this procedure, wild-type C57BL/6J mice aged 2-6 months were used, and timed mating was performed overnight.</li>
	<li>The next morning, check if the female mice have a vaginal plug. Consider the day the plug is identified as embryonic day (E) 0.5.</li>
</ol>
2. Tissue preparation and cell isolation
<ol>
	<li>Euthanize 2-6 months old pregnant female C57BL/6J at day 9.5 post-conception via CO2 with an increasing concentration followed by cervical dislocation. Clean the lower part of the abdomen with 70% ethanol. 
	NOTE: The use of anesthetics before cervical dislocation is not recommended as this would expose the embryos to environmental changes that could impact subsequent transcriptomic and epigenomic studies.</li>
	<li>Open the abdomen and peritoneum with scissors. Visualize the uterine horns, and use forceps to excise both horns.</li>
	<li>Place the horns in a Petri dish containing cold complete medium with 1% FBS. While no specific volume is required, care must be taken to ensure that the embryos are completely immersed in the medium. An approximate volume of 10 mL per 10 cm Petri dish is appropriate.</li>
	<li>Under the stereomicroscope set at 5x magnification and using forceps, remove the endometrial tissue, placenta, and yolk sac from each embryo.</li>
	<li>Place the embryos in a Petri dish with cold complete medium with 1% FBS. Dissect the embryonic heart region, as described on the schematic embryo illustrated in Figure 1, in cold complete medium.</li>
	<li>Pool together the heart regions dissected from five mouse embryos in a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube. Prechill swinging bucket centrifuges to 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 300x g for 1 min at RT in a swinging bucket centrifuge. Remove the supernatant, and wash the tissues by adding 1 mL of tissue culture-grade PBS.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 1 min at RT. Remove the supernatant, and repeat the washing steps for a total of two washes. Repeat the wash twice, replacing the PBS with 0.05% trypsin/EDTA (1x).</li>
	<li>For tissue digestion, add 50 &#181;L of 0.25% trypsin/EDTA for 10 min at 37 &#176;C. Apply gentle mechanical dissociation after 5 min by up and down gestures using a wide-orifice filter tip.</li>
	<li>Inactivate trypsin digestion activity by adding 350 &#181;L of complete medium to the dissociated cells. Pass the resuspended cells through a 40 &#181;m cell strainer.</li>
</ol>
3. Cell counting and viability assessment
NOTE: The cell count and viability are critical parameters for the success of single-cell experiments. The snATAC-seq approach is sensitive to minor variations in cell number. Too few cells lead to over-digestion of the chromatin, which results in a higher number of reads and the mapping of inaccessible chromatin regions (noise). Similarly, having too many cells generates high-molecular-weight fragments that are hard to sequence. For the accurate determination of the cell and nuclei concentrations, the cell count and viability were assessed by two different methods.
<ol>
	<li>Perform a trypan blue assay for cell counting, as described below.
	<ol>
		<li>Vortex 0.4% trypan blue staining solution, spin for 10 s at room temperature at 2,000 x g, and transfer 10 &#181;L into a microtube.</li>
		<li>Using a pipette, mix the cell suspension, and add 10 &#181;L of suspension to the already aliquoted 10 &#181;L of trypan blue solution. Mix carefully 10 times with a pipette.</li>
		<li>Transfer 10 &#181;L of the stained cells into a counting slide. Place the slide into the counter to automatically calculate the cell concentration and viability.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Perform a fluorescence-based assessment of mortality as described below. 
	NOTE: This assay is based on the use of fluorescent dyes (ethidium homodimer-1, EthD-1, and calcein AM) to evaluate the cell viability. A commercially available kit was used, and the provider&#39;s instructions were followed for the appropriate preparation and usage.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a 10 &#181;M EthD-1 solution by adding 5 &#181;L of the supplied 2 mM EthD-1 stock solution to 1 mL of sterile tissue-culture grade D-PBS, and vortex for 5 s to ensure complete mixing.</li>
		<li>Transfer 2.5 &#181;L of the supplied 4 mM calcein AM stock solution to the already prepared EthD-1 solution. Vortex for 5 s to ensure complete mixing.</li>
		<li>Add 10 &#181;L of the resulting 10 &#181;M EthD-1 and 10 &#181;M calcein AM working solution to 10 &#181;L of cell suspension. 
		NOTE: Calcein is highly susceptible to hydrolysis in aqueous solutions, so use this working solution within 1 day.</li>
		<li>Transfer 10 &#181;L of the stained cells onto a counting slide. Insert the slide into the automated fluorescent cell counter. Count the live cells using a GFP filter and the dead cells with an RFP filter. 
		NOTE: The two counting methods gave similar cell counts and viability, and the total number of freshly dissociated cells was estimated to average around 20,000 cells per embryonic heart region (0.06 mm3).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Cell freezing
<ol>
	<li>Centrifuge the cell suspension at 500 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C. Carefully remove the supernatant without touching the bottom of the tube, and resuspend the pellet in 1 mL of chilled freezing medium.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cell suspension into a pre-cooled cryovial, and place the cryovial in a pre-cooled freezing container.</li>
	<li>Place the container at &#8722;80 &#9702;C for 4 h to 8 h. Transfer the cryovial to liquid nitrogen for downstream single-nucleus RNA and ATAC sequencing experiments. 
	&#8203;NOTE: The cryovial should be transported on dry ice prior to usage. In our experience, the cells may be stored in liquid nitrogen for at least 6 months with no loss of cell viability. The storage temperature should be kept below &#8722;150 &#176;C all times to prevent the formation of ice crystals.</li>
</ol>
5. Cell thawing and removal of dead cells
<ol>
	<li>Place the cryovials in a 37 &#176;C water bath for 1-2 min. Remove it when a tiny crystal remains in the cryovial.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of pre-warmed (37 &#176;C) complete medium. Mix with a pipette three times. Transfer the suspension to a 15 mL conical tube containing 10 mL of warm complete medium.</li>
	<li>Pass the entire cell suspension over a 30 &#181;m strainer. Rinse the strainer with 1-2 mL of warm complete medium, and collect the flowthrough in the same conical tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min, and remove supernatant. Wash one time with PBS, and transfer the cell suspension into a 1.5 mL microtube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min, and remove the supernatant without disrupting the cell pellet.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of the provided magnetic microbeads to the pelleted cells, and homogenize five times using a wide-bore pipette tip. Incubate for 15 min at RT.</li>
	<li>In the meantime, rinse the magnetic separation column (capacity: 1 x 107 to 2 x 108 cells) with 500 &#181;L of 1x binding buffer.</li>
	<li>Once the incubation is completed, dilute the cell suspension containing the microbeads with 500 &#181;L of 1x binding buffer.</li>
	<li>Apply the cell suspension (0.6&#160;&#181;L) to the prepared magnetic separation column. The flow-through is the negatively selected live cell fraction, and the magnetically retained fraction is the positively selected dead cells.</li>
	<li>Collect the live cell effluent in a 15 mL centrifuge tube. Rinse the 1.5 mL microtube that contained the cell suspension and the column with 2 mL of 1x binding buffer, and collect the effluent in the same 15 mL tube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min. Remove the supernatant without disrupting the cell pellet.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of the PBS-BSA solution, and mix gently by pipetting five times using a wide-orifice pipette tip. Transfer the cell suspension into a 1.5 mL microtube.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min. Remove the supernatant without disrupting the cell pellet.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of PBS-BSA to resuspend the pellet, and repeat the washing step for a total of two washes.</li>
	<li>Resuspend the cells in 100 &#181;L of PBS-BSA solution. Mix gently by pipetting 10 times.</li>
	<li>Determine the concentration and viability of the cells using the previously described methods (step 3.1 and step 3.2). To proceed to the next step, ensure a cell count of &#8805;100,000 cells. See Figure 2 for representative results. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Cryopreservation results in a loss of approximately 40% of the initial starting material of live cells. Depending on the starting number of cells, bead separation on a magnetic column results in high cell viability but divides the total number of cells by two-fold to five-fold. The utilization of a column-based magnetic kit to remove the dead cells is advised only when sufficient starting material is available.</li>
</ol>
6. Nuclei isolation
NOTE: snATAC and snRNA-seq combined are performed with a suspension of clean and intact nuclei. The optimization of the lysis conditions (lysis time and NP40 concentration) for the used cell type is recommended. The optimal lysis timepoint and detergent concentration are those that result in the maximum number of cells being lysed without disrupting the nuclear morphology. The loss of cells/nuclei can be reduced by using a swinging bucket centrifuge instead of a fixed-angle centrifuge. To minimize nuclei retention on plastics, it is recommended to use low-retention pipette tips and centrifuge tubes. This can increase the nuclei recovery. The coating of the pipette tips and centrifuge tubes with 5% BSA is a less expensive but more time-consuming alternative.
<ol>
	<li>Clean the working place and materials with 70% ethanol and RNase removing solution.</li>
	<li>Prechill swinging bucket centrifuges to 4 &#176;C. Freshly prepare lysis buffer, lysis dilution buffer, 0.1x lysis buffer, and wash buffer (see Table 1). Maintain the buffers on ice.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge the cell suspension at 500 x g for 5min at 4 &#176;C in a swinging bucket centrifuge. Gently remove all the supernatant without touching the bottom of the tube to avoid dislodging the cell pellet.</li>
	<li>Add 100 &#181;L of chilled 0.1x lysis buffer. Gently mix by pipetting 10 times. Incubate for 5 min on ice.</li>
	<li>Add 1 mL of chilled wash buffer, and gently mix by pipetting five times. Centrifuge at 500 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C. Remove the supernatant without disrupting the nuclei pellet.</li>
	<li>Repeat the washes with chilled wash buffer for a total of three washes. Prepare the diluted nuclei buffer. After resuspension, keep the nuclei stock solution on ice.</li>
</ol>
7. Quality and quantity assessments of the isolated nuclei
NOTE: Based on the initial cell count and estimating approximately 50% nuclei loss during cell lysis, resuspend the appropriate number of cells in cold diluted nuclei buffer. The calculation of the resuspension volume with chilled diluted nuclei buffer is based on the targeted nuclei recovery and the corresponding nuclei stock concentrations recommended by the manufacturer&#39;s user guide. See an example of this calculation in Supplementary Protocol 1.
<ol>
	<li>Based on the initial cell count and estimating approximately 50% nuclei loss during cell lysis, resuspend the appropriate number of cells in cold diluted nuclei buffer.</li>
	<li>Determine the actual nuclei concentration. Mix 2 &#181;L of nuclei stock solution with 8 &#181;L of diluted nuclei buffer and add the mix to the pre-aliquoted 10 &#181;L of trypan blue or EthD-1/calceinAM working solution. Count the nuclei using an automated cell counter. Less than 5% of the cells should be viable. See Figure 3 for representative results.</li>
	<li>Calculate the volume of nuclei stock and the volume of diluted nuclei buffer to obtain a total volume of 5 &#181;L at the recommended concentration for the transposition reaction (refer to the manufacturer&#39;s user guide). Proceed immediately to the transposition reaction according to the user guide17. 
	&#8203;NOTE: All the steps from the transposition reaction to the construction of the ATAC and GEX libraries were performed according to the user guide of the kit used for snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq combined17.</li>
</ol>
8. Quality analysis of the snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq libraries
<ol>
	<li>Before proceeding to next-generation sequencing, validate the quality and size distribution of the final snATAC-seq and gene expression GEX libraries. Assess the quality and quantity of sequences identified in the libraries using fragment analysis systems. See Figure 4 for representative quality assessment results. 
	NOTE: The final trace of the snATAC-seq libraries should show the periodicity of nucleosome winding, and the sizes should range from 200 bp to several Kbp, whereas the sizes in the gene expression library should range from 300 bp to 600 bp.</li>
</ol>

Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Cardiac Progenitor Cells at Single-Cell Resolution

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C., Zaffran, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outflow+tract+formation-embryonic+origins+of+conotruncal+congenital+heart+disease.">Outflow tract formation-embryonic origins of conotruncal congenital heart disease.</a> Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease. 8 (4), 42 (2021).</li><li>Hao, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+analysis+of+multimodal+single-cell+data.">Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data.</a> Cell. 184 (13), 3573-3587 (2021).</li><li>Bai, H., Lin, M., Meng, Y., Bai, H., Cai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+CUT&amp;RUN+method+for+regulation+network+reconstruction+of+low+abundance+transcription+factor.">An improved CUT&amp;RUN method for regulation network reconstruction of low abundance transcription factor.</a> Cellular Signalling. 96, 110361 (2022).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The analysis of the cellular composition of the developing heart by combined snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq studies provides a deeper understanding of the origin of congenital heart disease26. Several research laboratories have studied the effects of cardiac tissue cryopreservation on snRNA-seq27. Conducting snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq using fresh micro-dissected tissue from mouse models of human disease can be logistically challenging when comparing different experimental condition...

Among birth defects, congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the most common, occurring in about 1% of live births each year1,2. Genetic mutations are identified in only a minority of cases, implying that other causes, such as abnormalities in gene regulation, are involved in the etiology of CHD2,3. Cardiac development is a complex process of diverse and interacting cell types, making the identification of causal noncoding mutations and their effects on gene regulation challenging. Organogenesis of the heart begins with cellular progenitors that give rise to different subtypes of cardiac cells, including myocardial, fibroblast, epicardial, and endocardial cells4,5.&#160;Single-cell genomics is emerging as a key method for studying heart development and assessing the impact of cellular heterogeneity in health and disease6. The development of multi-omics methods for the simultaneous measurement of different parameters and the expansion of computational pipelines has facilitated the discovery of cell types and subtypes in the normal and diseased heart6. This article describes a reliable single-nucleus isolation protocol for frozen cardiac progenitor cells obtained from mouse embryos that is compatible with downstream snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq (as well as snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq combined)7,8,9.
ATAC-seq is a robust method that allows the identification of regulatory open chromatin regions and the positioning of nucleosomes10,11. This information is used to draw conclusions about the location, identity, and activity of transcription factors. The activity of chromatin factors, including remodelers, as well as the transcriptional activity of RNA polymerase, can, thus, be analyzed since the method is highly sensitive for measuring quantitative changes in chromatin structure1,2. Thus, ATAC-seq provides a robust and impartial approach to uncovering the mechanisms controlling transcriptional regulation in a specific cell type. ATAC-seq protocols have also been validated to measure chromatin accessibility in single cells, revealing variability in the chromatin architecture within cell populations10,12,13.
Although there have been notable advances in the field of single cells in recent years, the main difficulty is the processing of the fresh samples needed to perform these experiments14. To circumvent this difficulty, various tests have been carried out with the aim of conducting analyses such as snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq with frozen cardiac tissue or cells15,16.
Several platforms have been used to analyze single-cell genomics data17. The widely used platforms for single-cell gene expression and ATAC profiling are platforms for multiple microfluidic droplet encapsulation17. As these platforms use microfluidic chambers, debris or aggregates can clog the system, resulting in non-usable data. Thus, the success of single-cell studies depends on the accurate isolation of individual cells/nuclei.
The protocol presented here uses a similar approach to recent studies using snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq to understand congenital heart defects18,19,20,21,22,23. This procedure utilizes the enzymatic dissociation of freshly microdissected cardiac tissue followed by the cryopreservation of mouse cardiac progenitor cells. After thawing, the viable cells are purified and processed for nuclear isolation. In this work, this protocol was successfully used to obtain snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq data from the same nuclear preparation of mouse cardiac progenitor cells.

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			<td>Chromium Next GEM Chip J Single Cell Kit, 16 rxns</td>
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			<td>Chromium Next GEM Single Cell Multiome ATAC + Gene Expression Reagent Bundle, 4 rxns (including Nuclei Buffer 20X)</td>
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			<td>Countess cell counting chamber slides</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
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			<td>DMSO</td>
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			<td>D2650-5x5ML</td>
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			<td>DNA LoBind Tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22431021</td>
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			<td>D-PBS</td>
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			<td>14190094</td>
			<td>Sterile and RNase-free</td>
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			<td>Dual Index Kit TT Set A 96 rxns</td>
			<td>10X Genomics</td>
			<td>1000215</td>
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			<td>Falcon 15 mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>352096</td>
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			<td>Falcon 50 mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes&#160;</td>
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			<td>10788561</td>
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			<td>HI-FBS</td>
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			<td>A3840001</td>
			<td>Heat inactivated</td>
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			<td>High sensitivity DNA kit</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>5067-4626</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Igepal CA-630</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I8896-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>LIVE/DEAD Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>L3224</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>MACS Dead Cell Removal kit: Dead Cell Romoval MicroBeads, Binding Buffer 20X</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-090-101</td>
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			<td>MACS SmartStrainers (30 &#181;m)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-098-458</td>
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			<td>Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1028-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Milieu McCoy 5A&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>16600082</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>MS Columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-201</td>
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			<td>NovaSeq 6000 S2</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
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			<td>No catalog number</td>
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			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin (Pen/Strep)</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
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			<td>PluriStrainer Mini 40&#181;m</td>
			<td>PluriSelect</td>
			<td>V-PM15-2021-12</td>
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			<td>Rock inhibitor</td>
			<td>Enzo Life Sciences</td>
			<td>ALX-270-333-M005</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Single Index Kit N Set A, 96 rxn</td>
			<td>10X Genomics</td>
			<td>1000212</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Standard 90mm Petri dish Sterilin</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>101R20</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Sterile double-distilled water</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>R0582</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Trizma Hydrochloride solution (HCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T2194-100ML&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue stain (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>T10282</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Trypsin 0.05% - EDTA 1X</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
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			<td>Tween20</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9416-50ML&#160;</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Wide orifice filtered pipette tips 200 &#956;l</td>
			<td>Labcon</td>
			<td>1152-965-008-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>ZEISS SteREO Discovery.V8</td>
			<td>ZEISS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>No catalog number</td>
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nuclei isolation from mouse cardiac progenitor cells for epigenome and gene expression profiling at single-cell resolution

The developing heart is a complex structure containing various progenitor cells controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms. The examination of the gene expression and chromatin state of individual cells allows the identification of the cell type and state. Single-cell sequencing approaches have revealed a number of important characteristics of cardiac progenitor cell heterogeneity. However, these methods are generally restricted to fresh tissue, which limits studies with diverse experimental conditions, as the fresh tissue must be processed at once in the same run to reduce the technical variability. Therefore, easy and flexible procedures to produce data from methods such as single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and the single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (snATAC-seq) are needed in this area. Here, we present a protocol to rapidly isolate nuclei for subsequent single-nuclei dual-omics (combined snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq). This method allows the isolation of nuclei from frozen samples of cardiac progenitor cells and can be combined with platforms that use microfluidic chambers.

Author Spotlight: Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Epigenome and Gene Expression Profiling at Single-Cell Resolution  

Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Epigenome and Gene Expression Profiling at Single-Cell Resolution

The main objective of this protocol is to study the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in the context of heart development and their contribution to congenital heart defects. Single nuclei approaches such as single nuclei RNA-seq and single nuclei ataxic are emerging as key methods to study cellular heterogeneity in health and disease during heart development. One limiting step of these experiments is that all the sample have to be run simultaneously.While working with all the experimental conditions, collecting fresh enough material is for all the condition simultaneously could be challenging. Although there have been a significant progress in the field in single cell for recent years, the main difficulty is processing free samples. Avoiding the difficulty is extremely benefit to identify the molecular mechanism underlying congenital heart disease defects.This protocol describes the steps to follow for successfully isolating high quality nuclei from frozen cardiac cell suspension obtained from mouse embryos. And our protocol is compatible with downstream single nuclei RNA-seq and single nuclei ataxic. We hope that this procedure will help interested researchers and encourage them to use this powerful method for their research.

Compared to the preparation of single-cell suspensions for single-cell approaches, the preparation of single-nuclei suspensions is much more challenging and requires a higher degree of resolution and processing. The key factor for successful combined snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq is a clean and intact nuclei suspension. The protocol for efficient nuclei isolation must be adapted to each tissue type and condition (fresh or frozen). Here, an optimized protocol is described for the isolation of nuclei from frozen mouse embryonic...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Epigenome and Gene Expression Profiling at Single-Cell Resolution at JoVE.com

Here, we present a protocol describing cell nuclei preparation. After microdissection and enzymatic dissociation of cardiac tissue into single cells, the progenitor cells were frozen, followed by isolation of pure viable cells, which were used for single-nucleus RNA sequencing and the single-nucleus assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing analyses.

The developing heart is a complex structure containing various progenitor cells controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms. The examination of the gene ...

nuclei-isolation-from-mouse-cardiac-progenitor-cells-for-epigenome

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Developmental Biology

2.2K 조회수.  Aix-Marseille University. 이 프로토콜의 주요 목적은 심장 발달의 맥락에서 유전적 요인과 환경적 요인의 상호 작용과 선천성 심장 결함에 대한 기여도를 연구하는 것입니다. 단일 핵 RNA-seq 및 단일 핵 운동 실조와 같은 단일 핵 접근법은 심장 발달 중 건강 및 질병의 세포 이질성을 연구하는 핵심 방법으로 부상하고 있습니다. 이러한 실험의 한 가지 제한 단계는 모든 샘플을 동시에 실행해야 한다는 ...

비디오: 저자 스포트라이트: Nuclei Isolation from Mouse Cardiac Progenitor Cells for Epigenome and Gene Expression Profiling at Single-Cell Resolution  

Mouse Cardiac Progenitor Cell Isolation, Digestion, and Freezing

Begin by placing the embryos dissected from the euthanized two to six-month-old pregnant female mouse in a cold complete medium with 1%fetal bovine serum. After removing the endometrial tissue, placenta, and yolk sack from the embryo under 5X magnification, dissect the cardiac progenitors from the embryonic heart region using forceps. Pull all the heart regions dissected from five mouse embryos in a 1.5 milliliter micro centrifuge tube and centrifuge them in a swinging bucket, pre-chilled to four degrees Celsius.Remove the supernatant, and wash the tissue with one milliliter of tissue culture grade PBS. Centrifuge the tubes at 300G for one minute at four degrees celsius. Then, remove the supernatant, and repeat two washes with one milliliter PBS.Once done, replace the PBS with 0.05%Trypsin-EDTA. Centrifuge and repeat two washes with 0.05%Trypsin-EDTA. To digest the tissue, add 50 microliters of 0.05%Trypsin-EDTA and heat for 10 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius.Next, apply a gentle mechanical dissociation after five minutes by aspirating the suspension up and down using a wide-orifice filter tip. Inactivate the Trypsin digestion activity by adding 350 microliters of complete medium to the dissociated cells. Pass the cell suspension through a 40 micrometer cell strainer.Prepare the cells for freezing by centrifuging the freshly-dissociated cell suspension. Carefully remove the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in one milliliter of chilled freezing medium. Transfer the cell suspension into a pre-cooled cryo vial, and place the cryo vial in a pre-cooled freezing container.Place the freezing container at minus 80 degrees Celsius for four to eight hours before transferring it to liquid nitrogen for sequencing experiments.

Embryonic Heart Cell Thawing and Removal of Dead Cells

Begin by placing the frozen dissociated embryonic heart cell suspension containing cryo vials in a 37 degrees Celsius water bath for one to two minutes. Add one milliliter of complete medium, pre warmed at 37 degrees Celsius to the thawed suspension and mix it three times with a pipette. Then transfer the suspension to a 15 milliliter conical tube, containing 10 millimeters of warm complete medium.Pass the entire cell suspension over a 30 micrometer strainer and rinse the strainer with one to two milliliters of warm, complete medium. Collect the flow through in the same conical tube. Next, centrifuge the tubes at 300 G for five minutes.After removing the supernatant, wash the pellet with PBS and transfer the cell suspension into a 1.5 milliliter micro tube. Centrifuge the cell suspension and add 100 microliters of the provided magnetic microbeads to the pelleted cells. Homogenize the suspension five times using a wide boar pipette tip before 15 minutes of incubation at room temperature.In the meantime, rinse the magnetic separation column with 500 microliters of binding buffer. Once the incubation is complete, dilute the microbead cell suspension mixture using 500 microliters of binding buffer. Next, add 0.6 milliliters of the cell suspension to the magnetic separation column.Collect the live cell effluent in a 15 milliliter centrifuge tube. Next, rinse the 1.5 milliliter micro tube that contained the cell suspension using one milliliter of binding buffer. After rinsing, transfer the binding buffer from the 1.5 milliliter micro tube to the column and collect the effluent in the same 15 milliliter tube.Repeat the rinsing of the 1.5 milliliter tube using one milliliter of binding buffer. After centrifuging the effluent at 300 G for five minutes, remove the supernatant without disrupting the cell pellet. Add one milliliter of the PBS BSA solution and gently mix by pipetting using a wide orifice pipette tip.Then transfer the cell suspension into a 1.5 milliliter micro tube. Again, centrifuge the cell suspension and remove the supernatant without disrupting the cell pellet. Repeat the two washes of one milliliter of PBS BSA.After removing the one milliliter of PBS BSA, resuspend the cells in 100 microliters of PBS BSA solution. Mix it by pipetting 10 times. Determine the concentration by performing a trypan blue assay to ensure a cell count of more than or equal to 100, 000 cells and perform a fluorescence based assessment for the viability of the cells.The additional step of sorting and removing the dead cells after thawing allowed the procurement of a cleaner cell suspension with significantly higher cell viability and improved the quality of the starting sample. For more accuracy, two different counting methods were used to quantify the cells and nuclei, including trypan blue and the fluorescence based assessment of the viability. In this protocol, it was observed that the cell viability passed from 80 to 90%before nuclei isolation to less than 5%after nuclei isolation.

Nuclei Isolation from Cardiac Progenitor Cells

To begin, clean the working place and materials with 70%ethanol and RNase removing solution. Freshly prepare lysis buffer, lysis dilution buffer, 0.1 x lysis buffer, and wash buffer and maintain the buffers on ice. Pre-chill swinging bucket centrifuges to four degrees Celsius.Centrifuge the cardiac progenitor cell suspension in a swinging bucket centrifuge. Gently remove all the supernatant without touching the bottom of the tube. Add 100 microliters of chilled 0.1 x lysis buffer to the cell suspension, and mix it by pipetting 10 times.After five minutes of incubation on ice, add one milliliter of chilled wash buffer and mix it. After centrifuging the suspension, remove the supernatant and repeat two more washes with chilled wash buffer. Prepare the diluted nuclei buffer.After resuspending the nuclei in the nuclei buffer, place the nuclei stock solution on ice. When the quality of the isolated nuclei was assessed by the evaluation of the nuclear membrane morphology, the isolated nuclei appeared smooth and uniformly round under Bright-field microscopy indicating an effective isolation process.