None.

The study protocol conformed to the guidelines of the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Inselspital Bern and was approved by the local review board (KEK-BE 2019-00555). Informed written consent was obtained from all human subjects involved in the study. All surgical procedures were performed under general anesthesia (following institutionally approved protocols) with controlled hypotension, using standard otologic instruments and appropriate hemostasis17,18. Surgical site preparation, exclusive transcanal access, middle ear examination, and defect closure of the TM are described in previously published articles by Beckmann et al. and Anschuetz et al.19,20. Additional reconstructive measures, most frequently tympanoplasties, are often required19. Usually, the OPL is performed in the end after positioning the grafts for tympanoplasty or scutum reconstruction. However, these techniques will not be covered in this protocol. Moreover, many other OPL techniques are described in the literature21,22. This article covers the methods with which we have a strong and positive experience. Figure 1 illustrates the technique for partial ossicular replacement, and Figure 2 shows the technique for total ossicular replacement. The surgical tools and the equipment needed are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Incus interposition
<ol>
	<li>Use a needle dissector to dissect and detach the chorda tympani from the long process of the incus and proceed to slightly resect the scutum with a bone curette. 
	NOTE: Resection of the scutum provides wide access to the posterior mesotympanum and helps to identify the incudostapedial joint between the long process of the incus and the stapes head20.</li>
	<li>Identify the incudostapedial joint and cautiously disarticulate the lenticular process from the stapes head using a microhook or a small round knife. Then, gently push the incus upward to detach it from the head of the malleus. Remove the incus by pulling the long process inferiorly and then laterally. Preserve the detached incus for its intended use in the interposition procedure.</li>
	<li>Thoroughly examine the incus for any signs of erosion, ensuring its appropriateness for the upcoming reconstruction.</li>
	<li>Grind the graft using the following steps23:
	<ol>
		<li>Hold the incus using a grasping forceps.</li>
		<li>Use a diamond burr to carefully drill both the long and short processes of the incus until the level of the incus body is reached.</li>
		<li>On the opposite side of the former long process, drill an acetabulum approximately 1 mm wide to accommodate the stapes head.</li>
		<li>Verify that the length of the interposition aligns with the range of 2-2.5 mm, depending on the anatomy of the patient.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Utilize a microsuction tip and/or a needle to position the remodeled incus inside the tympanic cavity and to precisely locate the acetabulum onto the stapes head and, if appropriate, the anterior surface in contact with the malleus handle.</li>
</ol>
2. Malleus head interposition
<ol>
	<li>After removal of the incus (step 1), identify the malleus and dissect the chorda tympani away from its neck.</li>
	<li>Use the malleus nipper to transect the malleus neck and remove its head for its intended use in the interposition procedure.</li>
	<li>Thoroughly examine the malleus head for any signs of erosion, ensuring its appropriateness for the upcoming reconstruction.</li>
	<li>Grind the graft using the following steps24:
	<ol>
		<li>Hold the malleus head using a grasping forceps.</li>
		<li>If the whole malleus is used, use a diamond burr to carefully drill both the manubrium, lateral, and anterior process until the level of the malleus neck is reached.</li>
		<li>On the malleus head, drill an acetabulum approximately 1 mm wide to accommodate the stapes head.</li>
		<li>Verify that the length of the graft is approximately 2-2.5 mm, depending on the anatomy of the patient.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>After carrying the graft towards the tympanic cavity, utilize a microsuction tip and/or a microhook/needle to position the malleus head interposition precisely onto the stapes head. 
	NOTE: Appropriate treatment of the underlying middle ear pathology often requires resection of the incus and the malleus. As long as the incus body remains intact, it is suitable for an interposition graft. Use the malleus head interposition in cases where the incus is absent or eroded, and the malleus head is still intact.</li>
</ol>
3. Partial ossicular replacement prosthesis (PORP)
<ol>
	<li>Confirm the integrity of the stapes suprastructure and ensure that both malleus head and incus are missing or unsuitable for use in interposition ossiculoplasty.</li>
	<li>Assess the size of the defect and decide on the size of the implant. Many different products are commercially available; here, the use of a titanium-based implant is exemplarily shown. Choose the appropriate size of the implant or trim the titanium shaft to the desired length. No pressure should be exerted on the stapes suprastructure to avoid stretching of the annular ligament.</li>
	<li>After carrying the prosthesis towards the tympanic cavity, utilize a microsuction tip and/or a microhook/needle to position the foot of the PORP precisely onto the stapes&#39; head.</li>
	<li>Brace the head of the PORP against the manubrium (if present). Cover the head of the prosthesis with cartilage, and ensure that the implant slightly tents the TM.</li>
</ol>
4. Double cartilage block (DCB) PORP
<ol>
	<li>Confirm the integrity of the stapes suprastructure and ensure that both malleus head and incus are missing or unsuitable for interposition OPL.</li>
	<li>Prepare the double-cartilage block (DCB) graft using the following steps25:
	<ol>
		<li>Obtain a rectangular block of tragal or conchal cartilage and remove the perichondrium on one side only.</li>
		<li>Use a scalpel to cut the cartilage in half; avoid transecting the perichondrium on the opposite side.
		<ol>
			<li>Create a shallow acetabulum approximately 1 mm wide to receive the stapes capitulum on the block free from perichondrium.</li>
			<li>Fold the cartilage block on the intact perichondrium.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Utilize a microsuction tip and/or a microhook/needle to position the DCB precisely onto the stapes head. Establish a contact to the manubrium of the hammer if applicable.</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66155/66155fig01.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Techniques of partial ossicular replacement. (A) Incus interposition (ii). (B) Malleus head interposition (mai). (C) PORP (*). (D) DCB PORP (car). Abbreviations: malleus (ma), promontory (p), stapes (s), tympanic membrane (tm). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66155/66155fig01large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
5. Total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP)
<ol>
	<li>Confirm the integrity of the stapes footplate and clean it from disease, adhesions, or scars.</li>
	<li>Assess the size of the defect between the TM and the footplate and decide on the size of the implant. Many different products are commercially available; here, the use of a titanium-based implant is exemplarily shown. Choose the appropriate size of the implant or trim the titanium shaft to the desired length. Ensure the implant slightly tents the TM without exerting too much pressure on the footplate.</li>
	<li>Utilize a microsuction tip and/or a needle to position the TORP inside the tympanic cavity and to locate the foot of the TORP precisely onto the stapes footplate.</li>
	<li>Brace the head of the TORP against the manubrium (if present) and cover its head with cartilage.</li>
</ol>
6. Semi-synthetic total ossicular replacement prosthesis (ssyTORP)
<ol>
	<li>Confirm the integrity of the stapes footplate and clean it from disease, adhesions, or scars.</li>
	<li>Prepare the semi-synthetic prosthesis26:
	<ol>
		<li>Choose a platinum/polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) stapedotomy prosthesis according to the intended size of the reconstruction.</li>
		<li>Cut the platinum wire at the base of the hook.</li>
		<li>Obtain a cartilage block from the tragal or conchal cartilage. According to the distance between the TM and the footplate, create a 5 mm long ssyTORP.</li>
		<li>Create one square block of tragal cartilage with perichondrium left on both sides.</li>
		<li>Use an insulin needle to create a small hole in the perichondrium in the middle of the block.</li>
		<li>Insert the blunt tip of the shaft into the perichondrium hole and gently push it to penetrate the cartilage.</li>
		<li>To create a 6 mm or 7 mm ssyTORP, obtain a double or triple cartilage block, respectively, by taking a rectangle (2-5 mm), preferably from the tragal cartilage, with the perichondrium left on both sides.</li>
		<li>Cut the cartilage in half. Avoid transection of the perichondrium on the opposite side.</li>
		<li>Make a small hole in the perichondrium in the middle of the block.</li>
		<li>Insert the blunt tip of the shaft into the cartilage block. Fold the cartilage back on itself with the intact perichondrium layer doubled between the two/three cartilage blocks. 
		&#8203;NOTE: In all above-mentioned techniques, ensure the stability of the reconstruction by using resorbable gelatin sponges around the interposition graft, if deemed appropriate.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/66155/66155fig02.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Techniques of total ossicular replacement. (A) TORP (t). (B) ssyTORP (*). Abbreviations: cartilage (car), footplate (f), promontory (p), tympanic membrane (tm). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66155/66155fig02large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
7. Postoperative care
<ol>
	<li>Ensure adequate pain management in the postoperative period. Do not administer prophylactic antibiotics unless clinically indicated.</li>
	<li>Advise patients not to blow their nose and emphasize strict protection from water for two weeks postoperatively to avoid possible damage to the surgical site.</li>
	<li>Discharge the patients on the day of the surgery or the following day, depending on their postoperative recovery and the clinical assessment.</li>
	<li>Schedule a follow-up two weeks postoperatively for complete dressing removal and assessment of the surgical site. 
	NOTE:This is a standard postoperative care protocol. Individual patient needs and clinical scenarios may necessitate modifications.</li>
</ol>

A Comprehensive Step-By-Step Guide for Exclusive Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

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A systematic review.</a> Acta Oto-Laryngologica. 138 (7), 617-620 (2018).</li><li>Tsetsos, N., Vlachtsis, K., Stavrakas, M., Fyrmpas, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+versus+microscopic+ossiculoplasty+in+chronic+otitis+media:+A+systematic+review+of+the+literature.">Endoscopic versus microscopic ossiculoplasty in chronic otitis media: A systematic review of the literature.</a> European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 278 (4), 917-923 (2021).</li><li>Soloperto, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exclusive+endoscopic+ossiculoplasty+with+autologous+material:+step-by-step+procedure+and+functional+results.">Exclusive endoscopic ossiculoplasty with autologous material: step-by-step procedure and functional results.</a> European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 280 (11), 4869-4878 (2023).</li><li>Alicandri-Ciufelli, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epinephrine+use+in+endoscopic+ear+surgery:+Quantitative+Safety+assessment.">Epinephrine use in endoscopic ear surgery: Quantitative Safety assessment.</a> ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and its Related Specialties. 82 (1), 1-7 (2020).</li><li>Anschuetz, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+bleeding+in+exclusive+endoscopic+ear+surgery:+Pilot+clinical+experience.">Management of bleeding in exclusive endoscopic ear surgery: Pilot clinical experience.</a> Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 157 (4), 700-706 (2017).</li><li>Beckmann, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+cholesteatoma+surgery.">Endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 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The chronic ear. , (2016).</li><li>Malafronte, G., Filosa, B., Mercone, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+double-cartilage+block+ossiculoplasty:+long-term+results.">A new double-cartilage block ossiculoplasty: long-term results.</a> Otology &amp; Neurotology. 29 (4), 531-533 (2008).</li><li>Malafronte, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+results+with+semi-synthetic+total+ossicular+replacement+prosthesis.">Early results with semi-synthetic total ossicular replacement prosthesis.</a> Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 143 (2), 307-308 (2010).</li><li>Caloway, C. 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P., Offeciers, F. E., Somers, T., Schatteman, I., Govaerts, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+malleus+allografts+in+ossiculoplasty.">The use of malleus allografts in ossiculoplasty.</a> The Laryngoscope. 112 (10), 1782-1784 (2002).</li><li>R&#225;th, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionomer+cement+for+reconstruction+of+the+long+process+of+the+incus:+The+P&#233;cs+experience.">Ionomer cement for reconstruction of the long process of the incus: The P&#233;cs experience.</a> Clinical Otolaryngology. 33 (2), 116-120 (2008).</li><li>Katar, O., K&#305;l&#305;&#231;, S., Bajin, M. 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LA is consultant for Stryker ENT.

This article provides step-by-step instructions for EEO. There are various techniques, types of grafts, and prostheses to reconstruct the ossicular chain10,11. Depending on the presence or absence of the stapes suprastructure, a PORP or TORP is required. The use of an endoscope allows for detailed visualization and assessment of the ossicular chain and its functionality. Even in difficult anatomical conditions, the endoscope provides an optimal view of the oval window and stapes suprastructure or footplate to position the graft with great precision. Postauricular incision and mastoidectomy can often be avoided27. Moreover, it is an excellent tool for educating inexperienced surgeons in both anatomical and surgical aspects28.
Recently published literature has demonstrated comparable audiologic outcomes between endoscopic and microscopic OPL27,29. Das et al. reported significantly improved closure of the ABG after one month with endoscopic PORP OPL, but long-term audiologic outcomes showed no statistically significant difference from the microscopic technique4. A systematic review published by Tsetsos et al. also showed comparable audiologic results for both microscopic and endoscopic techniques15. They also observed a trend toward shorter operative time and lower morbidity, such as postoperative pain and wound infections, with the endoscopic method. The data analysis of the pre- and postoperative audiometric evaluation showed an average ABG of 30.46 dB and 21.41 dB, respectively. There was a statistically significant improvement in ABG completion of 9.05 dB &#177; 14.72 dB between the preoperative and postoperative ABG (p &#60; 0.01). The publication by Soloperto et al. showed comparable results with a mean ABG closure of 7.85 dB HL (p &#60; 0.01) in patients undergoing autologous graft reconstruction16.
Several authors compared synthetic prostheses, particularly titanium prostheses, and autologous grafts in terms of hearing outcome and complications. Aminth et al. conducted a prospective study comparing an incus autograft to a titanium PORP and found significantly better hearing outcomes and graft uptake in the incus group30. In addition, postoperative complications such as prosthesis extrusion and residual TM perforation occurred more frequently in the titanium PORP group.
OPL performed with a DCB graft was found to offer even greater advantages in reducing the risk of prosthesis displacement or fixation compared with the use of an incus autograft31. In the field of autologous grafts, different options, such as the DCB graft and the malleus allograft, have shown comparable audiological results. Both options have restored the ABG to less than 20 dB in 81% of patients25,32. The use of a patient&#39;s own tissue minimizes the risk of implant rejection or extrusion of the prosthesis through the TM, leading to enhanced biocompatibility and reduced postoperative complications15. However, autologous materials do present certain drawbacks. These include longer surgical durations required for the remodeling process, the potential for retaining microscopic pieces of cholesteatoma, and availability limitations depending on the condition of the ossicular chain13,14. A single case of prosthesis extrusion (5%) was recorded in a cohort of 20 synthetic prostheses. No cases of extrusion occurred when autologous materials were used.
COM, with or without cholesteatoma, is the most frequent cause of ossicular chain disruption. In the total 60 cases, COM accounted for 55 (91.7%) cases, and a total of 38 patients (63.3%) showed histologically confirmed cholesteatoma. There is still a debate about the most appropriate timing for ossicular chain reconstruction. In cases of single-stage OPL, endoscopic reconstruction of the ossicular chain is performed at the same time as COM surgery. If residual disease is a potential problem, ossicular chain reconstruction may be deferred to a later procedure, usually scheduled 12 to 18 months after the initial surgery and referred to as a second OPL. In this study, a uniform approach with single-stage surgery was adopted across the cohort to achieve early hearing recovery. However, in scenarios where the disease affects the stapes footplate, it may be appropriate to consider second-stage OPL. Both single-stage and second-stage OPL seem to achieve similar hearing outcomes16.
The long process of the incus is the most vulnerable part for necrosis secondary to both trauma and infections33. In cases with exclusive erosion of the incus long process, rebridging of the ossicular gap with bone cement offers a valid alternative to the OPL procedures presented in this article. Several authors reported comparable long-term audiological outcomes associated with this technique34,35.
The limited sample size of this study and the relatively short FU period prevent robust statistical results and a comprehensive evaluation of the long-term results of the individual OPL techniques. Furthermore, parametric statistical analysis of small subgroups might lead to overestimation or misleading conclusions. The predominant focus on cases of COM limits the generalizability of the results to other middle-ear pathologies. The inclusion of multiple revision cases presents a particular challenge and may not fully represent the primary surgical outcomes.
In conclusion, EEO is a valid surgical option for ossicular chain reconstruction with autologous or synthetic material. It is a safe and minimally invasive procedure with acceptable hearing restoration.

The use of endoscopes has become prevalent in modern otology. Originally used for diagnostic purposes, the endoscopic technique has gained popularity over time, leading to exclusive endoscopic ear surgery approaches. The endoscopic technique is performed through the auditory canal and requires precise and delicate maneuvers, as the technique must be performed single-handedly. It provides a panoramic view of the middle ear and allows access to hard-to-reach areas, facilitating the elimination of disease by using angled endoscopes1,2. In ossicular chain repair, modern high-definition (HD) or 4k endoscopy, along with its illuminative capabilities directed at specific structures of interest, such as the stapes or its footplate, greatly assists in the recognition of both anatomical and pathological variances3,4,5.
Ossicular chain destruction commonly results from chronic otitis media (COM), but trauma and neoplasms can alter the normal middle ear and, therefore, reduce its sound transmission capabilities6,7. Restoration of normal tympanic membrane (TM) and ossicular chain function has its roots in the 1950s8. The surgical techniques used to treat various pathologies of the middle ear aim not only to eliminate the underlying disease process but also to restore normal auditory function9.Over the past seven decades, various ossiculoplasty (OPL) techniques and prostheses have been studied and reported in the literature7,10,11.&#160;Bioinert materials like titanium gained popularity due to their lightweight, rigidity, and good visualization of their distal end during surgery. Nevertheless, these prostheses are quite expensive, and the reported rate of extrusion (1%-5%) is not negligible12. Autologous materials have demonstrated comparable effectiveness to synthetic prostheses. However, they do present certain drawbacks, such as longer surgical durations required for the remodeling process, the potential for retaining cholesteatoma, and availability limitations depending on the condition of the ossicular chain13,14.
According to Tsetsos et al., exclusive endoscopic ossiculoplasty (EEO) is associated with similar postoperative hearing results compared to the traditional microscopic approach15. A trend towards reduced morbidity and a shorter operative time for the endoscopic approach has been observed. Therefore, EEO can be considered a valid surgical option for reestablishing a functioning ossicular chain with acceptable hearing restoration in children and adults16.
This study aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the various technical refinements and latest developments for EEO. It presents different OPL techniques along with representative outcome data.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antifog Solution</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>15006H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endoscopes 3 mm diameter, 15 cm length 0&#176;, 30&#176;, 45&#176;and&#160; 70&#176;</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>7220AA/ 7220BA/ 7220FA/ 7220CA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epinephrine 1 mg/mL</td>
			<td>Dr. Bichsel AG</td>
			<td>2824248&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatinous sponge (Gelfoam)</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>GTIN 00300090315085&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image 1S 4K</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>TH120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ME 102</td>
			<td>KLS Martin</td>
			<td>80-010-02-04&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsuction tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Spiggle&#38;Theis</td>
			<td>301004 - 301014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monitor 32&#34; 4K/3D</td>
			<td>Monitor 32&#34; 4K/3D</td>
			<td>TM350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIM-Neuro 3.0</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>8253402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OsseoDuo</td>
			<td>Bien Air</td>
			<td>1700524-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Otosporin (polymyxin, neomycin, hydrocortison)</td>
			<td>GlaxoSmithKline</td>
			<td>2262911000001100.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Piezosurgery device</td>
			<td>Mectron</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PM2 Line Drill</td>
			<td>Bien Air</td>
			<td>1600765-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PORP mCLIP ARC Partial Prosthesis&#160;</td>
			<td>MED-EL</td>
			<td>58502 - 58520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine (Betadine)</td>
			<td>Mundi-Pharma</td>
			<td>7680342821377&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer Solution</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>3570000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard otological instruments (otologic dissectors, needle dissector, round knifes, hooks, curette, microscissors (Bellucci) and microforceps (Hartmann)</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stapes Prosthesis Platin/PTFE</td>
			<td>Spiggle&#38;Theis</td>
			<td>1054040600/10560600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steel and diamond burrs</td>
			<td>Bien Air</td>
			<td>1100290-001 - 1100303-001/ 1100247-001 - 1100260-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Injekt Solo 10 mL</td>
			<td>Syringe Injekt Solo 10 mL</td>
			<td>4606108N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TORP Implant for shortening</td>
			<td>Spiggle&#38;Theis</td>
			<td>11830 - 11870</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

techniques of endoscopic ossiculoplasty

The utilization of endoscopes in modern otology has evolved from diagnostic purposes to the development of exclusive endoscopic ear surgery. This technique offers a panoramic view of the middle ear and provides an optimal magnification of the oval window region, the stapes' suprastructure, and the footplate, allowing great precision in prosthesis positioning during ossiculoplasty (OPL). Various techniques for ossicular chain reconstruction have been described in the literature. Either autologous or synthetic materials can be used for reconstruction. The use of a patient's own tissue minimizes the risk of implant rejection or extrusion of the prosthesis through the tympanic membrane. On the other hand, synthetic materials like titanium are light and rigid and do not require time-consuming prosthesis remodeling. The main objective of this article is to present a comprehensive step-by-step guide that serves as a surgical manual for exclusive endoscopic OPL. This guide will explain various forms of OPL using synthetic and autologous materials. The goal is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the various surgical techniques and support the integration into clinical practice.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty &amp;#8211; Techniques, Innovations, and Practical Guidance for Clinical Integration

Techniques of Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

In modern ontology, the use of endoscopes has evolved from diagnostics to exclusive endoscopic ear surgery. Our goal is to offer a comprehensive understanding of the various endoscopic osteoplasty techniques and support their integration into clinical practice. The focused illumination of specific middle ear structures, such as the stay piece and its foot plate allows great precision in prosthesis placement.Furthermore, it facilitates the detection of both anatomical and pathological variances. The endoscopic technique is performed through the auditory canal and requires precise and delicate maneuvers as it's performed single-handedly. Before implementing this technique in the operating room, we strongly advise hands-on training.

This study involved a comprehensive analysis of 60 cases of EEO. For each technique presented herein, the last ten consecutive cases with a follow-up (FU) period of at least three months were included. All procedures were performed by experienced surgeons at the Otolaryngology Department of the University Hospital of Bern and Bologna between April 2019 and June 2023. The mean age (&#177; standard deviation (SD)) at the surgery date was 39.28 years (&#177;19.04). Of the total cases, 30 (50.0%) were revision surgeries. The distribution between the left and right sides operated on was almost equal, with 31 cases (51.7%) on the left and 29 cases (48.3%) on the right. In 55 (91.7%) cases, the underlying disease was COM, and 38 patients (63.3%) had cholesteatoma.
Surgical results 
The graft intake rate (GIR) showed a success rate of 98.3% by the last FU, and only one case showed a TM re-perforation. The mean FU period was 11.15 months (SD &#177; 9.38 months). Prosthesis extrusion occurred in 1 case (2.1%), 19 months postoperatively. Additionally, a subset of cases, 7 in total (11.7%), necessitated revision surgery due to persistent conductive hearing loss (3 cases) or recurrent cholesteatoma (4 cases).
Audiological results 
Each patient underwent pre- and postoperative pure tone audiometry, reported as pure tone average (PTA) represented as hearing threshold (dB HL) at frequencies 0.5 kHz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, and 4 kHz. Preoperatively, the average air-bone gap (ABG) was 30.46 dB &#177; 13.23 dB. Following surgery, a significant improvement was observed with a reduction of the postoperative ABG to an average of 21.41 dB &#177; 10.64 dB. The improvement was statistically significant as determined by a paired t-test (p &#60; 0.01). A comprehensive overview of the surgical outcomes can be found in Table 1.
Table 1: Patients&#39; disease characteristics and surgical outcome. Abbreviations: Air bone gap (ABG), Mean (M), Range (R), Standard deviation (SD). <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/66155/66155_Table 1.xlsx" target="_blank">Please click here to download this Table.</a>

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Advancing Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty – Techniques, Innovations, and Practical Guidance for Clinical Integration at JoVE.com

Exclusive Endoscopic ossiculoplasty (EEO) is a promising and minimally invasive approach for the treatment of conductive hearing loss due to ossicular chain disruptions and associated middle ear pathologies. Herein, step-by-step instructions and a discussion of various endoscopic ossiculoplasty techniques are presented.

The utilization of endoscopes in modern otology has evolved from diagnostic purposes to the development of exclusive endoscopic ear surgery. This ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Exclusive Endoscopic Incus Interposition

To begin, prepare all the necessary surgical tools and equipment for the procedure After elevation of the tympanomeatal flap and establishing access to the middle ear, use a needle dissector to detach the chorda tympani from the long process of the incus. Then slightly resect the scutum with the ultrasonic device or a bone curette. Identify the incudostapedial joint and cautiously disarticulate the lenticular process from the stapes head using a micro hook or a small round knife.Then gently push the incus upward to detach it from the head of the malleus. and remove the incus by pulling the long process inferiorly and then laterally. To grind the graft, hold the inus using a grasping forceps and use a diamond bur to carefully drill both the long and short processes of the incus until the level of the incus body is reached.On the opposite side of the former long process, drill an acetabulum approximately one millimeter wide to accommodate the stapes head. Next, position the remodeled incus inside the tympanic cavity. Using a microsuction tip or a needle, precisely locate the acetabulum onto the stapes head, and if appropriate, the anterior surface in contact with the malleus handle.Stabilize the incus into position using resorbable gelatin sponges, and close the tympanomeatal flap. The overall graft intake rate showed a success rate of 98.3%Preoperatively, the average air-bone gap was 25.24 decibels, whereas after surgery, the average air-bone gap significantly reduced to 17.10 decibels.

Exclusive Endoscopic Malleus Head Interposition

To begin, prepare all the necessary surgical tools and equipment for the procedure. Disarticulate the incus from the incudostapedial joint, and then remove the incus. Identify the malleus and dissect the chorda tympani from its neck.Using the Malleus Nipper, transect the malleus neck and remove its head for its intended use in the interposition procedure. To grind the graft, hold the malleus head using a grasping forceps, and using a burr, carefully drill until the level of the malleus neck is reached. Drill an acetabulum on the malleus head approximately one millimeter wide to accommodate the head.After carrying the graft towards the tympanic cavity, position the malleus head onto the stapes head and readjust its interposition using a microneedle. Stabilize the malleus head interposition with gelatin sponges, and close the tympanomeatal flap. The overall graft intake rate showed a success rate of 98.3%Preoperatively, the average air-bone gap was 23.05 decibels, whereas after surgery, the average air-bone gap was reduced to 21.90 decibels.

Exclusive Endoscopic Partial Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis &#40;PORP&#41;

To begin, prepare all the necessary surgical tools and equipment for the procedure. Assess the size of the defect, and choose the appropriate size of the implant. After carrying the prosthesis towards the tympanic cavity, position the foot of the PORP precisely onto the stapes head using a microneedle.Cover the head of the prosthesis with cartilage, and ensure that the implant slightly tents the tympanic membrane. The overall graft intake rate showed a success rate of 98.3%Preoperatively, the average air-bone gap was 24.30 decibels, whereas after surgery, the average air-bone gap significantly reduced to 16.80 decibels.

Exclusive Endoscopic Double Cartilage Block &#40;DCB&#41; PORP

To begin, prepare all the necessary surgical tools and equipment for the procedure. To prepare the double cartilage block or DCB graft, obtain a rectangular block of tragal or conchal cartilage and remove the perichondrium on one side only. Cut the cartilage in half using a scalpel, ensuring to refrain from cutting through the perichondrium on the opposing side.Create a shallow acetabulum approximately 1 millimeter wide to recede the stapes capitulum on the block, free from perichondrium. Fold the cartilage block on the intact perichondrium. Then position the DCB inside the tympanic cavity, and locate precisely onto the stapes head using a micro suction tip or needle.Ensure the stability of the reconstruction by using resorbable gelatin sponges, and carefully cover the DCB with the tympanomeatal flap. The overall graft intake rate showed a success rate of 98.3%Preoperatively, the average air-bone gap was 28.90 decibels, whereas after surgery, the average air-bone gap was reduced to 24.50 decibels.

Exclusive Endoscopic Total Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis &#40;TORP&#41;

To begin, prepare all the necessary surgical tools and equipment for the procedure. Assess the integrity of the stapes footplate and prepare it for the prosthesis placement. Measure the defect between the tympanic membrane and the stapes footplate to choose the appropriate implant size.Next, position the TORP inside the tympanic cavity and use a microneedle to locate the foot of the TORP precisely onto the stapes footplate. Stabilize the TORP by using resorbable gelatin sponges. Ensure that there is contact between the cartilage and the prosthesis once the tympanomeatal flap has been placed over it.The overall graft intake rate showed a success rate of 98.3%Preoperatively, the average air-bone gap was 36.80 decibels, whereas after surgery, the average air-bone gap significantly reduced to 20.30 decibels.

Exclusive Endoscopic Semi-Synthetic Total Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis &#40;ssyTORP&#41;

To begin, prepare all the necessary surgical tools and equipment for the procedure. Choose a platinum or polytetrafluoroethylene stapedotomy prosthesis according to the intended size of the reconstruction. Cut the platinum wire at the base of the hook.Next, obtain a cartilage block from the tragal or conchal cartilage and create appropriate SSY TORP. Create a square block of tragal cartilage with perichondrium left on both sides. Using an insulin needle, create a small hole in the perichondrium in the middle of the block.Insert the blunt tip of the shaft into the perichondrium hole and gently push it to penetrate the cartilage. Then position the SSY TORP inside the tympanic cavity and locate it precisely onto the stapes footplate with a microhook. Establish a contact to the manubrium of the hammer, if applicable.Carefully close the tympanomeatal flap with a microhook. The overall graft intake rate showed a success rate of 98.3%Preoperatively, the average air-bone gap was 44.44 decibels, whereas after the surgery, the average air-bone gap significantly reduced to 27.85 decibels.

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

Endoscopic middle ear surgery is a widely employed minimally invasive surgical technique to address middle ear and mastoid pathology. Bone drilling is the main technical challenge of endoscopic middle ear surgery. The accompanying video describes the detailed protocol of a constant-suction bone-drilling technique and the procedure of endaural exclusive endoscopic atticoantrotomy (retrograde mastoidectomy) using this technique. The main components of this bone-drilling technique include a soft and flexible suction tube, which is placed into the tympanic cavity to provide constant suction, and a soft sleeve, which is wrapped around the drill shaft to prevent the high-speed rotating shaft from damaging the lens of the endoscope. With these simple modifications, the traditional otological electrodrill can be used for drilling a tiny endaural incision in endoscopic middle ear surgery. Based on this bone-drilling technique, endaural endoscopic atticoantrotomy (retrograde mastoidectomy) can be successfully established for the removal of various amounts of bone, depending on the extent of the lesion. The short-term postoperative outcome seems promising.

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

In this paper, we present the protocol and short-term outcomes of endaural exclusive endoscopic atticoantrotomy using a constant suction bone-drilling technique.

Endoscopic middle ear surgery is a widely employed minimally invasive surgical technique to address middle ear and mastoid pathology. Bone drilling is the ...

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

The microscopic transcanal (aka transmeatal) surgical approach was first described in the 60s, offering a minimally invasive means of reaching the external auditory canal, the middle ear, and epitympanon. Such an approach avoids a retroauricular or endaural skin incision; however, working through a narrow space needs angled microsurgical instruments and specific training in otologic surgery. The transcanal approach restricts the working space; however, it offers a binocular microscopic vision into the middle ear without extended skin incisions and thus, reducing post-operative pain and bleeding. In addition, this minimally invasive approach avoids scar tissue complications, hypoesthesia of the auricle, and potential protrusion of the pinna. Despite its numerous advantages, this method is still not routinely performed by otologic surgeons. Since this minimally invasive technique is more challenging, there is a need for extensive training in order for it to be widely adopted by otologic surgeons. This article provides step-by-step surgical instructions for stapes surgery and reports possible indications, pitfalls, and limitations using this microscopic transcanal technique.

This article describes the microscopic transcanal technique for stapes surgery, providing step-by-step surgical instructions for familiarizing surgeons with this approach.

The microscopic transcanal (aka transmeatal) surgical approach was first described in the 60s, offering a minimally invasive means of reaching the ...

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. Several studies comparing traditional microscopic and endoscopic stapes surgery have reported similar hearing results and an overall low rate of complications. The endoscope has unraveled its full potential in demanding settings of stapes surgery, such as unfavorable anatomy of the oval window niche or revision cases. Reduced manipulation of the chorda tympani and low rate of post-operative dysgeusia are further benefits to mention for endoscopic stapes surgery.
Being a one-handed technique, management of bleeding, positioning, and crimping of the prosthesis may be challenging for novice endoscopic surgeons, so some training in endoscopic ear surgery is recommended before performing endoscopic stapedotomy. The problem of sharing the surgical field between the endoscope and the operating instruments could be easily overcome if proper instruments positioning is understood. One-handed bleeding control in the narrow space of the ear canal may represent an issue during the elevation of the tympano-meatal flap, possibly discouraging the surgeon since the preliminary steps of surgery. Following appropriate technique to raise the flap and the collaboration with the anesthesiology team in keeping the blood pressure low guarantee an adequate bleeding control in most cases.
The aim of this article is to describe the entire surgical procedure of a transcanal exclusive endoscopic stapedotomy, from operating room set up and patient positioning to post-operative care. A step-by-step description of the surgical maneuvers with technical hints is reported, to guide the surgeon across the procedure and allow any ear surgeon to perform stapes surgery endoscopically.

The aim of this article is to provide a step-by-step method for endoscopic stapes surgery from operating room setting and patient positioning to post-operative care. This work would represent a guide for any otologic surgeon who is willing to treat otosclerosis with endoscopic transcanal technique.

In recent years there has been an increasing trend in the use of the endoscope to treat a variety of middle ear pathologies, including otosclerosis. ...

2.0K Views.  University of Bern.  Exclusive Endoscopic ossiculoplasty (EEO) is a promising and minimally invasive approach for the treatment of conductive hearing loss due to ossicular chain disruptions and associated middle ear pathologies. Herein, step-by-step instructions and a discussion of various endoscopic ossiculoplasty techniques are presented. 

A Comprehensive Step-By-Step Guide for Exclusive Endoscopic Ossiculoplasty

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