<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/52317">Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 1. Biosafety Level 4 Suit Laboratory Suite Entry and Exit Procedures</a></h2>Krisztina Janosko1, Michael R. Holbrook1, Ricky Adams1, Jason Barr1, Laura Bollinger1, Je T'aime Newton2, Corrie Ntiforo2, Linda Coe1, Jiro Wada1, Daniela Pusl1, Peter B. Jahrling1, Jens H. Kuhn1, Matthew G. Lackemeyer11Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2Environmental Health and Safety, Biological and Chemical Safety Program, University of Texas Medical BranchAlthough researchers are generally knowledgeable about procedures and safety precautions required for biosafety level 1 or 2 (BSL-1/2) experiments, they may not be familiar with experimental procedures in BSL-4 suit laboratories. This article provides a detailed visual demonstration of BSL-4 suit laboratory systems check, laboratory entry, movement, and exit procedures.<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/53600">Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 2. General Practices</a></h2>Steven Mazur, Michael R. Holbrook, Tracey Burdette, Nicole Joselyn, Jason Barr, Daniela Pusl, Laura Bollinger, Linda Coe, Peter B. Jahrling, Matthew G. Lackemeyer, Jiro Wada, Jens H. Kuhn, Krisztina JanoskoIntegrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)Performing viral assays in a BSL-4 laboratory is more involved compared to work in a BSL-2 laboratory due to required additional safety precautions. Here, we present an overview of practices and procedures used inside a BSL-4 laboratory illustrating proper Class II biosafety cabinet usage, waste management/disposal, and sample removal.<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/53601">Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 4. Medical Imaging Procedures</a></h2>Russell Byrum, Lauren Keith, Christopher Bartos, Marisa St. Claire, Matthew G. Lackemeyer, Michael R. Holbrook, Krisztina Janosko, Jason Barr, Daniela Pusl, Laura Bollinger, Jiro Wada, Linda Coe, Lisa E. Hensley, Peter B. Jahrling, Jens H. Kuhn, Margaret R. LentzIntegrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)Here, we present an overview of the preparation and animal handling procedures required to safely perform medical imaging in an animal biosafety level 4 laboratory. Computed tomography of a mock-infected guinea pig illustrates these procedures that may be used to evaluate the disease caused by a high consequence pathogen.<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/53602">Safety Precautions and Operating Procedures in an (A)BSL-4 Laboratory: 3. Aerobiology</a></h2>J. Kyle Bohannon, Krisztina Janosko, Michael R. Holbrook, Jason Barr, Daniela Pusl, Laura Bollinger, Linda Coe, Lisa E. Hensley, Peter B. Jahrling, Jiro Wada, Jens H. Kuhn, Matthew G. LackemeyerIntegrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)As high-consequence pathogens can potentially infect subjects through airborne particles, aerobiology has been increasingly applied in pathogenesis research and medical countermeasure development. We present a detailed visual demonstration of aerobiology procedures during an aerosol challenge in nonhuman primates in an animal biosafety level 4 maximum containment environment.<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/54248">Investigating the 'Uncatchable Smile' in Leonardo da Vinci's La Bella Principessa: A Comparison with the Mona Lisa and Pollaiuolo's Portrait of a Girl</a></h2>Alessandro Soranzo, Michelle NewberryDepartment of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam UniversityThis paper discusses the methodology used to reveal the &#39;Uncatchable Smile&#39; illusion in Leonardo da Vinci&#39;s La Bella Principessa portrait. A combination of three methods was used (inter-observation, structured interviews, and psychophysical experiments), which led to an investigation that shaped itself without prior beliefs, thus reducing potential researcher bias.<h2 class="jove_title"><a href="https://www.jove.com/video/54553">The Use of Induced Somatic Sector Analysis (ISSA) for Studying Genes and Promoters Involved in Wood Formation and Secondary Stem Development</a></h2>Antanas Spokevicius1, Lynette Taylor1, Emma Melder1, Kim Van Beveren1, Josquin Tibbits2, Nicky Creux3,4, Gerd Bossinger11School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 2Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe University R&amp;D Park, 3College of Biological Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, 4Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of PretoriaHere we present a protocol that facilitates the medium to high throughput functional characterization of gene and promoter constructs in tree secondary stem tissue within comparatively short time frames. It is efficient, easy to use and widely applicable to a range of tree species.

october 2016: this month in jove

Here's a look at what's coming up in the October 2016 issue of <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.
In <a href="http://www.jove.com/i2">Immunology and Infection</a>, we showcase a series of four videos detailing safety and logistical procedures for working in an Animal Biosafety Level 4, or (A)BSL-4, laboratory. The <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52317/safety-precautions-operating-procedures-an-bsl-4-laboratory-1?status=a54323k">first</a> of this group, filmed at the NIH Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, demonstrates the safe entry and exit procedures for work inside an (A)BSL-4 suit laboratory suite. Inhalation studies of high-consequence pathogens can simulate natural aerosol transmission, or allow researchers to investigate outcomes of intentional pathogenic aerosol releases. In the <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53602/safety-precautions-operating-procedures-an-bsl-4-laboratory-3">second</a> of this series, the authors walk through the safe operation of aerobiology chambers for maximum containment level pathogens, such as the Ebola virus.
The challenge of carrying out <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53601/safety-precautions-operating-procedures-an-bsl-4-laboratory-4-medical">medical imaging</a> in a high biosafety environment is the focus of the third of these releases. Here, our Authors detail how to prepare animals infected with high-consequence pathogens for noninvasive medical imaging, whilst ensuring that the equipment remains easily accessed and free from contamination. In the <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/53600/safety-precautions-operating-procedures-an-bsl-4-laboratory-2-general">final video</a> of this miniseries, we take an in-depth look at the extra precautions and procedures involved in performing viral assays in a Class II biosafety cabinet in a BSL-4 environment. As a whole, these four releases are a valuable library for researchers handling challenging and potentially harmful biological materials.
Woody plants and secondary tree stems are key habitats, as well as being of great cultural and commercial importance. Understanding stem growth and wood formation is therefore an important topic for tree production, conservation, and preservation. In <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE Genetics</a> this month, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/54553/the-use-induced-somatic-sector-analysis-issa-for-studying-genes">Spokevicius et al</a> (our Authors) describe a method to create transgenic somatic tissue sectors directly in the living secondary stem of woody plants. This versatile method can facilitate rapid functional characterization of genes of interest, be utilized in a range of tree species, and test multiple genes and promoters at a high throughput level.
Arguably one of the most recognizable paintings of all time, the Mona Lisa is famous for the subject's elusive smile and indefinable expression. In <a href="http://www.jove.com/behavior">JoVE Behavior</a>, <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/54248/investigating-uncatchable-smile-leonardo-da-vinci-s-la-bella">Soranzo and Newbury</a> (our Authors) demonstrate how a similar visual illusion-dubbed the "uncatchable smile" because of it's tendency to disappear as the observer tries to catch it-was discovered in La Bella Principessa, also by Da Vinci. Using a combination of methods including interobservation, psychophysical experiments, and structured interviews, the authors reveal that the ambiguity in La Bella Principessa's expression is attributed to a visual illusion at the mouth of the subject similar to that observed in the Mona Lisa.
You've just had a sneak peek of the October 2016 issue of <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE</a>. Visit the website to see the full-length articles, plus many more, in <a href="http://www.jove.com/">JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments</a>.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about October 2016: This Month in JoVE at JoVE.com

October 2016: This Month in JoVE

Here's a look at what's coming up in the October 2016 issue of JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.
In Immunology and Infection, we showcase a ...

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Video: October 2016: This Month in JoVE

2012: A Year In Review

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE reached a major milestone by publishing our 1500th article. In this publication, in JoVE Bioengineering, Yu et al. described a method for analyzing the free radical composition of cigarette smoke. This method simulated cigarette puffing with a single-port smoking device, and combined it with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy to measure the degree to which antioxidant compounds can scavenge free radicals in cigarette smoke. A possible outcome of this research is the creation of less harmful cigarettes.
JoVE Bioengineering also contained the most-viewed article of 2012. Owczarczak et al. described a method for hacking a standard inkjet printer, loading ink cartridges with a cell-suspension "bioink," and printing lines of live cells onto glass slides. The thermal inkjet printing process creates temporary pores in the cell membrane, visualized by the incorporation of fluorescently labeled actin monomers. This concept, called "bioprinting," has many potential applications in cell and tissue engineering.
Also in 2012, JoVE Bioengineering featured a protocol by Hsia et al. for isolating and purifying spider silk protein, spinning it into fibers, and assessing the fiber strength. This protocol for laboratory-scale production of spider silk, which is stronger than tensile steel, can potentially be extended to large-scale manufacturing.
In JoVE Clinical and Translational Medicine, we featured a number of articles related to stroke, one of which. In one article, M&ouml;bius-Winkler et al. demonstrated placement of the WATCHMAN left atrial appendage occlusion device from Boston Scientific. This device is designed to prevent strokes by trapping clots within the left atrial appendage of the heart before they exit. Our authors demonstrated how to insert the guide wire through the femoral artery into the heart, advance the device into the left atrium, and deploy the device in the left atrial appendage.
Another article focused on stroke, Hamel et al. described the use of a driving simulator to study how patients compensate for visual field defects following stroke. By analyzing the compensatory gaze behavior of patients as they navigated through virtual driving courses with varying degrees of complexity, our authors see great potential for the use of driving simulators in stroke rehabilitation.
In JoVE Immunology and Infection, we published an article by Keyel et al. describing the real-time kinetics of immune cell responses to bacterial toxins using live cell microscopy. Combined with high-speed 3D confocal microscopy, this technique can also visualize the cellular repair response.
Also in JoVE Immunology and Infection, we featured an article by Yap et al. describing methods for diagnosing helminth infections in children. Helminths are parasitic worms that can infect the intestinal tract of humans and animals, and may be distinguished based on their morphology. The same article demonstrated how to measure the impact of helminth infections on physical fitness in children, which is a measure of overall health.
In JoVE Neuroscience, we featured a method by Hoffmann et al., who used tiny headphones to alter the auditory feedback in songbirds, and analyzed the computational and neurophysiological basis of vocal learning in birds when they adjust their singing in response to altered acoustic signals.
Also in JoVE Neuroscience, we moved from birds to bees with a method that assesses associative and non-associative tactile learning in honeybees. This method, by Mujagi&#263; et al., allowed bees to scan different metal surfaces with their antennae, then conditioned them to expect sugar water when their antennae touched particular surfaces, and analyzed the corresponding changes in antennal movement.
In 2012, we launched a brand-new section: JoVE Applied Physics, which features articles on subjects ranging from plasma physics to material science. The Applied Physics section also contained JoVE's 2000th video article, filmed in a synchrotron radiation facility, where Borisenko et al. showed how to determine the electronic structure of complex materials using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy.
In the JoVE General section, we published an article by Artioli et al. demonstrating the use of a portable gas analyzer to measure oxygen consumption during complex exercise - such as judo. By analyzing oxygen consumption and collecting blood for measuring plasma lactate concentration, this method can determine the relative contributions of different energy systems to specific aspects of complex exercise.
Finally, JoVE followed Dolhi et al. to a permanently ice-covered saline lake in Antarctica. There, scientists drilled through the ice to study single-celled microorganisms called protists that live in the harsh conditions of Antarctica.
This Year in Review was just a brief glimpse of a few of over 600 video articles that JoVE offered in 2012. Browse the JoVE archives to see thousands of other videos, and stay tuned for what's coming up this year in JoVE: The Journal of Visualized Experiments.

Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).

 
 
Here's a look at some of the milestones and highlights of the year 2012 in Journal of Visualized Experiments (JoVE).
At the start of 2012, JoVE ...