sample digestion and tissue expansion of polymerized tissue

Expansion Microscopy for Robust 11-Fold Expansion

Biological systems&#160;exhibit structural heterogeneity, from the limbs and the organs down to the levels of proteins at the nanoscale. Therefore, a complete understanding of the operation of these systems requires visual examination across these size scales. However, the diffraction limit of light causes challenges in visualizing structures smaller than ~200-300 nm on a conventional fluorescence microscope. In addition, optical super-resolution methods1,2,3, such as stimulated emission depletion (STED), photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), and structured illumination microscopy (SIM), though powerful, present their own challenges, as they require expensive hardware and reagents and often have slow acquisition times and a poor ability to image large volumes in 3D.
Expansion microscopy4 (ExM) provides an alternative means of circumventing the diffraction limit of light by covalently anchoring biomolecules into a water-swellable polymer gel and physically pulling them apart, thus rendering them resolvable on conventional optical microscopes. A multitude of ExM protocol variants have been developed since the original publication of&#160;ExM less than a decade ago, and these protocols allow the direct incorporation of proteins5,6,7, RNA8,9,10, or lipids11,12,13 into the gel network by altering the chemical anchor or expanding the sample further (thus improving the effective resolution) either in a single step14 or multiple iterative steps15,16. Until recently, no single ExM protocol could retain these three biomolecule classes with a single commercially available chemical anchor while providing a mechanically sturdy gel that could expand ~10-fold in a single expansion round.
Here, we present Magnify17, a recent addition to the ExM arsenal that uses methacrolein as the biomolecule anchor. Methacrolein forms covalent bonds with tissue like that of paraformaldehyde, ensuring that multiple classes of biomolecules can be retained within the gel network without requiring various specific or custom anchoring agents. Additionally, this technique can expand a broad spectrum of tissues up to 11-fold, including notoriously challenging samples such as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) clinical samples. Previous methods for expanding such mechanically rigid samples required harsh protease digestion, rendering the antibody labeling of proteins of interest impossible after the sample had been expanded. In contrast, this technique achieves the expansion of FFPE clinical samples using a hot denaturing solution, thus preserving whole protein epitopes within the gel, which can be targeted for post-expansion imaging (Figure 1).

Author Spotlight: Universal Molecular Retention with 11-Fold Expansion Microscopy  

Universal Molecular Retention with 11-Fold Expansion Microscopy

We're trying to find easy and low cost ways for researchers to image their biological specimens at resolutions below the diffraction limit, particularly in the areas of neuroscience and clinical pathology. Many recent expansion microscopy developments involve modifying gel chemistry to expand samples further, changing the anchoring molecule to visualize different targets and utilizing heating alteration to preserve protein epitopes. With innovated magnify, a robust expansion microscopy method that allows nanoscale imaging of various biological or clinical specimens.It simplifies super resolution microscopy by eliminating specialized equipment needs while preserving intricate biological features with up to 15 nanometers resolution, hence increasing accessibility and utility in labs worldwide. Previously users had to experiment with different expansion microscopy techniques, depending on the tissue and biomolecules they wanted to image. Magnify enables high resolution imaging across various biomolecules and tissue types without requiring specific anchoring steps or specialized equipment, thus bridging a significant gap in nanoscale imaging.Magnify expands tougher clinical samples over fourfold while preserving protein epitopes enabling more accurate investigation of queuing disease. Its chemical anchor also preserves a wide range of biomolecules, making it useful for basic research in animal models Magnify simplifies nanoscale imaging of biomolecules and intact specimens without complex optics or specialized equipment. It's adaptable across various imaging modalities and expansion microscopy strategies, allowing accessible cost-effective nanoscale imaging that may accelerate drug treatments and disease studies while potentially transforming tissue atlas generation.Magnify offers endless possibilities for research. Current focus areas include expanding tissue site, investigating pathological human samples at the nanoscale and studying the smallest scale changes on brain during learning and disease.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sample Digestion and Tissue Expansion of Polymerized Tissue at JoVE.com

Sample Digestion and Tissue Expansion of Polymerized Tissue  

To begin, take a slide with polymerized archived fresh tissue or paraformaldehyde fixed mouse brain tissue. Wearing eye protection, use a razor blade to separate the two glass slides of the gelling chamber. Trim the blank gel around the tissue to minimize the volume and ensure to cut asymmetrically to track the orientation of the gel after homogenization.Gently lift the tissue containing gel from the slide with a razor blade. Transfer it into a two milliliter centrifuge tube. Fill the tube to the top with homogenization buffer preheated to 80 degrees Celsius.Then incubate the sample with shaking at 80 degrees Celsius for eight to 60 hours. Pour the contents of the centrifuge tube into a single well of a six well plastic cell culture plate and remove the denaturation buffer with a transfer pipette. To completely remove the remaining SDS from the hydrogel, wash the sample in a 1%non-ionic surfactant solution.Finally, store the sample in PBS and 0.02%sodium azide at four degrees Celsius.

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450 Views.  Carnegie Mellon University. To begin, take a slide with polymerized archived fresh tissue or paraformaldehyde fixed mouse brain tissue. Wearing eye protection, use a razor blade to separate the two glass slides of the gelling chamber. Trim the blank gel around the tissue to minimize the volume and ensure to cut asymmetrically to track the orientation of the gel after homogenization.Gently lift the tissue containing gel from the slide with a razor blade. Transfer it into a two milliliter centrifuge tube. Fill the ...

Video: Sample Digestion and Tissue Expansion of Polymerized Tissue  

The nanoscale imaging of biological specimens can improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis. In recent years, expansion microscopy (ExM) has been demonstrated to be an effective and low-cost alternative to optical super-resolution microscopy. However, it has been limited by the need for specific and often custom anchoring agents to retain different biomolecule classes within the gel and by difficulties with expanding standard clinical sample formats, such as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue, especially if larger expansion factors or preserved protein epitopes are desired. Here, we describe Magnify, a new ExM method for robust expansion up to 11-fold in a wide array of tissue types. By using methacrolein as the chemical anchor between the tissue and gel, Magnify retains multiple biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, within the gel, thus allowing the broad nanoscale imaging of tissues on conventional optical microscopes. This protocol describes best practices to ensure robust and crack-free tissue expansion, as well as tips for handling and imaging highly expanded gels.

Presented here is a new version of expansion microscopy (ExM), Magnify, that is modified for up to 11-fold expansion, conserving a comprehensive array of biomolecule classes, and is compatible with a broad range of tissue types. It enables the interrogation of the nanoscale configuration of biomolecules using conventional diffraction-limited microscopes.

The nanoscale imaging of biological specimens can improve the understanding of disease pathogenesis. In recent years, expansion microscopy (ExM) has been ...

Gelling the Archived or Freshly Prepared Clinical Tissue Slides

Begin by taking the prepared archived, fresh tissue, or paraformaldehyde-fixed mouse brain tissue slides. Cut thin pieces of cover glass with a diamond-tipped pen to make spacers. Then, secure them to the slide with small amounts of water, PBS, or superglue.Gently place the spacers on either side of the tissue. Prepare the final gelling solution by combining the reagents immediately before use. Place the slide in a Petri dish after removing the excess solution from the tissue section.Add the freshly-prepared cold gelling solution to the sample and incubate the mixture on the tissue for 30 minutes at four degrees Celsius to allow diffusion into the tissue. Carefully place a second uncoated glass slide over the tissue and gel solution, avoiding air bubbles. Allow the samples to polymerize by incubating overnight at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified environment.

Post-Expansion Biomolecule Profiling of the Digested and Expanded Tissue

To begin, take the digested and expanded archived or fresh clinical tissue sample and proceed with antibody staining by placing it in a single well of a six-well cell culture plate. Wash the sample three times with PBS for 10 minutes each at room temperature. Depending on the sample size, add 0.5 to 2 milliliters of the primary antibodies in the staining buffer to cover the gel adequately.Incubate overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. Then, wash the sample three times with PBS for 10 minutes each at room temperature. Add the corresponding secondary antibodies and incubate for three hours at 37 degrees Celsius in the staining buffer of choice.Rewash the sample as demonstrated earlier, and add 1 to 2 milliliters of polyethylene glycol onto the sample in a six-well plate. Stain the sample with Fluor 4 conjugated NHS ester for three hours at room temperature. At the end of the incubation, wash the sample three times with PBS.Next, to perform lipid staining, take the expanded tissue sample washed three times in PBS, apply a conventional lipophilic dye diluted 200 fold in 2 milliliters of 0.1%Triton X-100 or PBS for 72 to 96 hours at room temperature, and wash at least three times with PBS. To perform FISH, prepare the hybridization buffer by combining 2 x SSC, 10%dextran sulfate, 20%ethylene carbonate, and 0.1%Tween 20. Place homogenized gel samples in a hybridization buffer preheated at 60 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Then, incubate the gel samples with a hybridization buffer containing 10 picomolar FISH probes against the target gene overnight at 45 degrees Celsius. Wash the samples with stringency wash buffer twice for 15 minutes each at 45 degrees Celsius and twice for 10 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Wash the sample three times with PBS for 10 minutes and proceed with imaging or storing the sample in PBS plus 0.02%sodium azide at 4 degrees Celsius.To fully expand and image the tissue, move the samples expanded fourfold in PBS to a glass bottom six-well imaging plate. If the sample has been expanded further, cut it into smaller pieces. Apply 0.1%polylysine to the glass surface.Place the sample on the slide, and remove any excess liquid around the gel with a paper laboratory cloth to prevent gel movement during imaging. Afterward, perform fluorescence imaging using a conventional wide-field microscope, a confocal microscope, or another imaging system of choice. After imaging, shrink the samples in PBS with at least three 10-minute washes, as long-term storage in deionized water leads to degradation of the fluorescent signal.Finally, store the samples in PBS with 0.02%sodium azide at 4 degrees Celsius. Confocal images of fully expanded mouse brain tissue allowed the visualization of proteins and cell and mitochondrial membrane structures. The nucleic acids of formal and fixed paraffin-embedded human lymph node tissue were also identified.After a 3.5-fold expansion of the kidney section, the crack-free expanded glomerulus was seen. However, inadequate anchoring or homogenization resulted in cracking, distortions, and the loss of labeled targets in another kidney section.