We would like to thank Donald Ready and Kevin Moses for teaching JPK the original imaginal disc dissection procedure. We also thank Bonnie Weasner for the genital disc in Figure&#160;1B and the eye disc in Figure&#160;2A, Brandon Weasner for Figure&#160;3, the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center for fly stains and the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank for antibodies. CMS has been supported by a stipend from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) GCMS Training Grant (T32-GM007757), the Frank W. Putnam Research Fellowship, and the Robert Briggs Research Fellowship. JPK is supported by a grant from the National Eye Institute (R01 EY014863)

1. Preparation of Larvae
<ol>
	<li>Fill a 35 mm Petri dish with dissection buffer.</li>
	<li>Place larvae in Petri dish and allow them to swim around for a few minutes (self-cleaning step).</li>
	<li>Transfer larvae to a pool of dissection buffer on a silicone-based dissection plate. This pool should be at one edge of the plate. The dissection plate consists of a silicone solution that has been poured and hardened within a glass Petri dish.</li>
	<li>Using a pasteur-pipet, place a larger pool of dissection buffer in the middle of the dissection plate.</li>
	<li>Using #5 forceps, transfer a single cleaned larva from the small pool to the larger pool of dissection buffer.</li>
</ol>
2. Coarse Dissection of Larvae
<ol>
	<li>While the larva is still within the large pool of dissection buffer clasp the larva with the forceps. One pair of forceps should be used to grab the mouth hooks while the other pair of forceps is used to hold the animal still (grab the larva gently at 1/3 body length).</li>
	<li>Hold steady the pair of forceps containing the cuticle near the mouth hooks while quickly pulling the rest of the body away with the second pair of forceps.</li>
	<li>When the larva begins to tear apart you will feel a slight release in tension. Release the larva from the forceps and allow for the &#8220;guts&#8221; of the larva to spill out. This allows for the imaginal discs to remain in their normal conformation and prevents them from being deformed.</li>
	<li>With one pair of forceps grasp the mouth hooks again to hold the front end of the larva in place. Using the other pair of forceps remove the lower 2/3 of the larvae including the inner guts. Note: a complex containing the mouth hooks, the eye-antennal discs, brain hemispheres, ventral ganglion, the salivary glands, some leg discs, and the overlying cuticle will remain.</li>
	<li>With a pair of forceps gently remove overlying cuticle, salivary glands, leg discs and other tissue. Note: only tissue that should remain is the mouth hooks, eye-antennal discs, brain hemispheres, and ventral ganglion (Figure&#160;3).</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 2.1&#8211;2.5 with additional larvae for 15&#8211;20 min. Note: imaginal discs that remain in dissection buffer for longer periods of time tend to degrade and ultimately will appear as less than ideal specimens to be photographed. Thus, after a maximum of 20 min all dissected tissues should be transferred to the PLP fixative (see below).</li>
</ol>
3. Fixation and Staining of Tissue with Antibodies
<ol>
	<li>Using a P-200 pipetman, transfer the dissected tissues to a watch glass containing cold Paraformaldehyde-Lysine-Periodate (PLP) fixative. Limit volume of transferred dissection buffer to 50 &#181;l to minimize dilution of PLP. Be sure to cut the tip with a razor blade so that the tip opening is large enough to accommodate the dissected tissues. Using a pair of forceps or a tungsten needle ensure that the dissected tissues are completely submerged in order for proper fixation to occur. Incubate dissected tissues in cold PLP fixative for 45 min. This incubation can take place at RT without agitation.</li>
	<li>Using a P-200 pipetman, transfer the dissected tissues to wash buffer (RT) using another cut yellow tip for 45 min. Limit volume of transferred PLP to 50 &#181;l to minimize dilution of the wash buffer. Note: all dissected tissues should be completely submerged.</li>
	<li>Transfer 20&#8211;30 sets of dissected tissue to 1.5 ml microfuge tube. Note: if larger numbers of eye-antennal disc complexes are combined within the tube, there is a possibility that the tissue at the bottom of the tube will not be exposed properly to the antibodies. For optimal results no more than 20&#8211;30 eye-antennal disc complexes should be present within a single tube. The dissected tissue will settle to the bottom of the microfuge tube. Therefore, in subsequent steps use a pipetman to remove and replace wash buffer, blocking solution, and antibodies.</li>
	<li>Remove wash buffer and replace with 100 &#181;l of blocking solution: 10% normal goat serum in wash buffer. Incubate at RT with gentle rotation on a table top rotator for 10 min.</li>
	<li>Remove blocking solution and replace with 100 &#181;l of primary antibodies that have been appropriately diluted in 10% normal goat serum. Incubate at RT with gentle rotation for 16 hr.</li>
	<li>Remove primary antibodies and replace with 750 &#181;l of wash buffer. Place tubes on a nutator and allow to nutate at RT for 10 min. Note: The primary antibody can be saved (store at 4 &#176;C) and reused later. Reusing antibodies multiple times can help in reducing non-specific binding.</li>
	<li>Allow heads to settle to the bottom of the tube, then remove wash buffer and add 100 &#181;l of secondary antibodies that have been appropriately diluted in 10% normal serum. Incubate at RT with gentle rotation for 2&#8211;4 hr.</li>
	<li>Remove secondary antibody solutions from tissue and replace with 500 &#181;l of wash buffer. Allow tissue to settle to the bottom of the tube.</li>
	<li>Using a P-200 and a cut yellow tip, transfer all dissected tissues to a pool of wash buffer that has been placed on the dissecting dish. While proceeding with the next step of fine dissection, the tissue will incubate in the wash buffer. This helps to remove excess secondary antibodies.</li>
</ol>
4. Fine Dissection of Eye-Antennal Disc Complexes and Mounting onto Slides
<ol>
	<li>Use one pair of forceps to clasp the cuticle by the mouth hooks with the ventral side of the complex facing downwards. With a second pair of forceps remove the two brain lobes by closing the second forceps in the space between the brain and eye discs (Figure&#160;3, red arrow) and swiftly pulling the brain away from the mouth hooks.</li>
	<li>While continuing to hold onto the mouth hooks, pinch off the tissue as close as possible to the connection between the antennal section of the eye-antennal disc and the mouth hooks (Figure&#160;3, blue arrow). Note: the eye-antennal disc complexes should be free of all tissue (Figure&#160;1A). Continue until all desired tissue desired that can be placed onto slides has been dissected. This protocol can be adapted to isolate wing, haltere, leg and genital imaginal discs (Figure&#160;1B-E).</li>
	<li>Add two small pieces of tissue paper (size of coverslips) approximately 3 in. apart on the dissecting dish. Place a glass slide onto the dish &#8212; the two pieces of tissue paper should be under the ends of the slide. This will prevent the slide from sticking to the silicone base of the dissecting dish.</li>
	<li>Using a P-20 with an uncut tip, add 9 &#181;l of an anti-bleaching agent to the middle of the glass microscope slide. This prevents bleaching of the tissue when viewed with fluorescent light.</li>
	<li>Using the same uncut tip, gather all eye-antennal discs and add them to the drop of anti-bleaching reagent. Minimize the amount of wash buffer that is carried over. Try to limit the amount of wash buffer to 10 &#181;l or less.</li>
	<li>Use a pair of forceps to separate and spread out the eye-antennal discs within the drop of anti-bleaching reagent. Allow discs to incubate in anti-bleaching reagent for several minutes. Note: discs will turn clear as the tissue absorbs the anti-bleaching reagent.</li>
	<li>Using a fine paintbrush gently lower a coverslip onto the specimen. This prevents the formation of air bubbles.</li>
	<li>Store slides at -20 &#176;C until ready to view the eye-antennal or other imaginal discs using light or fluorescent microscopy.</li>
</ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Although this procedure has largely focused on the isolation and subsequent treatment of eye-antennal discs, it is amenable to being used to isolate and analyze the wing, haltere, leg and genital discs (Figure&#160;4). The only required modification of the protocol for isolating these discs (as opposed to the eye-antennal disc) is the method of coarse dissection (section 2 of the protocol). The first thoracic leg (T1) pair is found at the anterior of the larva and can be recovered by following the protoc...

For more than a century the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been a premier system to study development, behavior and physiology. Development in the fly can be divided into two broad stages: embryonic and post-embryonic with much of the latter taking place within monolayer epithelia called imaginal discs 1-3. Drawings of imaginal discs were first published in 1864 by August Weismann as part of his broad monograph on insect development 1. These discs begin their development during embryogenesis, are patterned during the larval stages, survive the massive histolysis of the early pupal stages, and ultimately give rise to a high percentage of adult structures that are found within the adult fly 1-14. During larval development each disc makes several critical decisions regarding fate, shape and size. Within the first and second larval instars, the discs are tasked with adopting a primary fate, establishing compartment boundaries, adopting the correct shape and generating the requisite number of cells 15-16. During the third larval instar and early pre-pupal stage, the imaginal discs continue to divide and are patterned as cells adopt their terminal fates 16.
During the early history of Drosophila developmental biology, imaginal discs were studied nearly exclusively in the context of normal development and in the limited cases in which a loss or gain-of-function mutant was viable. The use of X-rays to induce mitotic recombination allowed for lethal mutations to be analyzed in cell clones within the larval and adult tissues. This method has been improved by the introduction of transgenic methods to analyze loss and gain-of-function mutations in both larval and adult tissues. The number of antibodies, transcriptional reporters and protein traps for describing the molecular landscape of wild type and mutant tissues is also constantly growing. Using these molecular markers to analyze loss and gain-of-function mutant cell clones has made it increasingly feasible to gain a real-time understanding of how mutant cells deviate from their wild type cousins during development. To properly take advantage of these tools and reagents it is critical to have high quality preparations of imaginal discs that can be viewed, photographed and analyzed. The goal of this manuscript is to provide an optimized protocol for the isolation and preparation of the eye-antennal disc complex (Figure&#160;1A). It can also be successfully used to isolate a wide variety of additional discs including those that give rise to the wings, halteres, T1-T3 legs and the genitals (Figure&#160;1B-E). This procedure, with minor modifications, has been used to isolate imaginal discs from Drosophila for nearly eighty years.
As described above, since most genes are expressed during multiple stages of development and in a multitude of tissues, it is often impossible to study the effects that null mutants have on the entire eye as the animal dies well before the third instar larval stage. Four methods have made the study of more developed tissues such as the retina significantly more tractable. The first is the Flippase (FLP)/Flippase Recombination Target (FRT) method of generating mutant cell clones within an otherwise wild type tissue 17-19. In this instance the mutant tissue is identified by the absence of a visual marker such as Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) and can be compared to the surrounding wild type tissue in which GFP is present (Figure&#160;2D). The second is the &#8220;flp-out&#8221; method in which a transgene is expressed in a population of cells 20. In this instance the cell clones are identified by the presence of GFP and compared to the surrounding wild type tissue that lacks the GFP reporter (Figure&#160;2E). The third is the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique, which combines elements of the FLP/FRT mutant clone and flp-out expression systems 21. With this method a transgene can be expressed within a population of cells that are simultaneously mutant for an individual genetic locus. Like flp-out clones, MARCM clones are identified by the presence of GFP and compared to the surrounding wild type tissue that lacks the GFP marker (Figure&#160;2F). And lastly, the genes and RNAi constructs can be expressed within imaginal tissues under the control of specific promoter-GAL4 constructs. These four methods have increased the interest in studying imaginal discs since mutant or over-expression clones or patterns can be directly compared to adjacent wild type tissue. The method described in this procedure has been developed so that researchers who study the post-embryonic development of adult tissues in Drosophila, particularly those derived from the eye-antennal disc, will be able to obtain high quality tissue for analysis. Although individual researchers have made slight modifications, the core of this procedure (which we describe here) has remained largely unaltered. Since obtaining high quality tissue is critical to the study of the imaginal discs we hope this written protocol and accompanying video will serve as a valuable teaching resource.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Name of Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:165px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>184 SIL ELAST KIT 0.5KG</td>
			<td>Used to create base for dissection plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pryex Glass Petri Dish 150x20mm</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3160-152CO</td>
			<td>Use the cover for dissection plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">#5 Dissecting Forceps</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>525</td>
			<td>Forceps must be kept very sharp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">9 well watch glass</td>
			<td>Vairous Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Used for fixation of imaginal disc complexes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50ml Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small Stir Bar</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Small enough to fit into Erlenmeyer Flask</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">50ml Conical Tubes</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1.5ml Microfuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Clear or Dark depending upon application</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microfuge Rack</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benchtop Rotator</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>100ul volume should not splatter at low setting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Macron Chemicals</td>
			<td>2-26555-1</td>
			<td>Serves as fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Phosphate Monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
			<td>S-3139</td>
			<td>Used to make dissection and wash buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Phosphate Dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
			<td>71636</td>
			<td>Used to make dissection and wash buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lysine</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>125221000</td>
			<td>Used in the fixative solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Periodate</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical Co</td>
			<td>S-1878</td>
			<td>Used in the fixative solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>EMD Chemicals</td>
			<td>MTX1568-1</td>
			<td>Used to perforate imaginal discs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td>EM Science</td>
			<td>SX0593-3</td>
			<td>Used to dissolve paraformaldehyde</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">100% Normal Goat Serum`</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td>Serves as a blocking solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Primary Antibodies</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Dilute in 10% goat serum as directed by manufacturer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Seondary Antibodies</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Dilute in 10% goat serum as directed by manufacturer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vectashield</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>H-1000</td>
			<td>Prevents bleaching of samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>48312-003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass Cover Slips 18x18mm</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>12-542A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipe Tissue</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Prevents Glass slides from adhering to silicone base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Panit Brush 000</td>
			<td>Various Vendors</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Use to gently lower coverslip on to samples</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dissection and immunostaining of imaginal discs from drosophila melanogaster

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called imaginal discs. These discs give rise to a high percentage of adult structures that are found within the adult fly. Here we describe a protocol that has been optimized to recover these discs and prepare them for analysis with antibodies, transcriptional reporters and protein traps. This procedure is best suited for thin tissues like imaginal discs, but can be easily modified for use with thicker tissues such as the larval brain and adult ovary. The written protocol and accompanying video will guide the reader/viewer through the dissection of third instar larvae, fixation of tissue, and treatment of imaginal discs with antibodies. The protocol can be used to dissect imaginal discs from younger first and second instar larvae as well. The advantage of this protocol is that it is relatively short and it has been optimized for the high quality preservation of the dissected tissue. Another advantage is that the fixation procedure that is employed works well with the overwhelming number of antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. In our experience, there is a very small number of sensitive antibodies that do not work well with this procedure. In these situations, the remedy appears to be to use an alternate fixation cocktail while continuing to follow the guidelines that we have set forth for the dissection steps and antibody incubations.

The method that is described above reliably produces high quality material for analysis with in situ probes, transcriptional reporters, protein traps and antibodies. In Figure 1 we display eye-antenna, genital, wing, haltere and leg discs that are routinely recovered with this method. These discs have been treated with a phalloidin-conjugated fluorophore, which binds to F-actin and therefore outlines each cell. If the tissue has been fixed properly then the morphogenetic furrow of the eye disc, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called ...

dissection-immunostaining-imaginal-discs-from-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

26.4K Views.  Indiana University. The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

Video: Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Dissection of Imaginal Discs from 3rd Instar Drosophila Larvae

This protocol demonstrates the dissection technique used for isolating imaginal discs from drosophila larvae at the 3rd instar stage. Methods for fixing the tissue after saying and removing the wing, leg, and eye discs are demonstrated directly on a microscope slide for subsequent visualization.

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

Live Imaging of Glial Cell Migration in the Drosophila Eye Imaginal Disc

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons. While recent progress has been made to describe the live migration of glial cells in the developing pupal wing (1), studies of Drosophila glial cell migration have typically involved the examination of fixed tissue. Live microscopic analysis of motile cells offers the ability to examine cellular behavior throughout the migratory process, including determining the rate of and changes in direction of growth. Paired with use of genetic tools, live imaging can be used to determine more precise roles for specific genes in the process of development. Previous work by Silies et al. (2) has described the migration of glia originating from the optic stalk, a structure that connects the developing eye and brain, into the eye imaginal disc in fixed tissue. Here we outline a protocol for examining the live migration of glial cells into the Drosophila eye imaginal disc. We take advantage of a Drosophila line that expresses GFP in developing glia to follow glial cell progression in wild type and in mutant animals.

Here we describe a protocol to examine the migration of glial cells into the developing Drosophila eye using live microscopic analysis paired with GFP tagged glial cells.

Glial cells of both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms must migrate to final target regions in order to ensheath and support associated neurons.  While ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells form, and how they interact with their environment is therefore crucial for understanding development, homeostasis and disease. The ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an influential model for the interaction of germ line stem cells (GSCs) with their somatic support cells (niche) 1, 2. The known location of the niche and the GSCs, coupled to the ability to genetically manipulate them, has allowed researchers to elucidate a variety of interactions between stem cells and their niches 3-12.
Despite the wealth of information about mechanisms controlling GSC maintenance and differentiation, relatively little is known about how GSCs and their somatic niches form during development. About 18 somatic niches, whose cellular components include terminal filament and cap cells (Figure 1), form during the third larval instar 13-17. GSCs originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs proliferate at early larval stages, but following the formation of the niche a subgroup of PGCs becomes GSCs 7, 16, 18, 19. Together, the somatic niche cells and the GSCs make a functional unit that produces eggs throughout the lifetime of the organism.
Many questions regarding the formation of the GSC unit remain unanswered. Processes such as coordination between precursor cells for niches and stem cell precursors, or the generation of asymmetry within PGCs as they become GSCs, can best be studied in the larva. However, a methodical study of larval ovary development is physically challenging. First, larval ovaries are small. Even at late larval stages they are only 100&mu;m across. In addition, the ovaries are transparent and are embedded in a white fat body. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for isolating ovaries from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae, followed by staining with fluorescent antibodies. We offer some technical solutions to problems such as locating the ovaries, staining and washing tissues that do not sink, and making sure that antibodies penetrate into the tissue. This protocol can be applied to earlier larval stages and to larval testes as well.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

How niches and stem cells form during development is an important question with practical implications. In the Drosophila ovary, germ line stem cells and their somatic niches form during larval development. This video demonstrates how to dissect, stain and mount female gonads from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae.

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.