This work was funded by the National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project (NO.82027803).

1. Thawing of cryopreserved RSC96 cells
<ol>
	<li>Thaw the cryovial containing 1 mL of cell suspension by rapidly shaking it in a 37 &#176;C water bath, and then add it to a centrifuge tube containing 4-6 mL of complete culture medium and mix well.</li>
	<li>Centrifuge at 1000 x g for 3-5 min, discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells in 3 mL of complete culture medium.</li>
	<li>Add the cell suspension to a culture flask (or dish) containing 6-8 mL of complete culture medium and incubate at 37 &#176;C overnight.</li>
	<li>The next day, observe the cell growth and density under a microscope.</li>
</ol>
2. Cell passage:
NOTE: If the cell density reaches 80%-90%, it is ready for passage.
<ol>
	<li>Discard the culture medium and rinse the cells 1-2 times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) without calcium and magnesium ions.</li>
	<li>Add 0.25% (w/v) trypsin-0.53 mM EDTA to the culture flask (1-2 mL for a T25 flask, 2-3 mL for a T75 flask) and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 1-2 min.</li>
	<li>Observe the cell detachment under a microscope. If most cells become round and detach, quickly return the flask to the working area, tap the flask gently, and add 3-4 mL of culture medium containing 10% FBS to stop the digestion.</li>
	<li>Mix the contents, aspirate the solution, and centrifuge at 1000 x g for 5 min. Then, discard the supernatant and resuspend the cells by adding 1-2 mL of fresh culture medium and pipetting gently.</li>
	<li>Transfer the cell suspension to a new T25 flask at a 1:2 ratio and add 7 mL of culture medium.</li>
</ol>
3. Operation of nsPEF device
<ol>
	<li>Resuspend the RSC96 cells in 1 mL of DMEM culture medium and transfer them to colorimetric dishes with electrodes on both sides.</li>
	<li>Turn on the power switch.</li>
	<li>Adjust the parameters by rotating the knob on the instrument to alter the intensity of the electric field. The intensities set in this study are 5 kV/cm, 10 kV/cm, 20 kV/cm, and 40 kV/cm.</li>
	<li>Carefully rotate the electrodes until sparks appear, allowing the cells to receive 5 pulses of nsPEF according to the preset field strength intensities before immediately separating the two electrodes. Following this treatment, take the experimental group cells treated with nsPEF and the untreated control group cells to perform sections 4-6, respectively, after a certain period of cell culture (1 day in this experiment).</li>
</ol>
4. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
<ol>
	<li>Prepare a cell suspension of a particular concentration from RSC96 cells stimulated with electrical stimulation. Add 100 &#181;L of the cell suspension to each well of a 96-well cell culture plate. Considering the requirements of the CCK-8 assay, control the total number of cells in the reagent kit between 1 x 103 and 1 x 106.</li>
	<li>Take 10 &#181;L of CCK-8 solution from the kit and add it to the 96-well cell culture plate. Incubate in a CO2 incubator at 37 &#176;C for an additional 30 min to 4 h.</li>
	<li>Measure the absorbance. Use dual-wavelength measurement with a detection wavelength of 430-490 nm and a reference wavelength of 600-650 nm.</li>
	<li>Determine the field strength intensity for subsequent experiments based on the experimental results of cell proliferation. Select cells with good proliferation for subsequent experiments.</li>
</ol>
5. Cell scratch assay
<ol>
	<li>In each well of a six-well plate, seed 3 x 105 cells with a total volume of 2 mL per well. Approximately 72 h later, the cells will cover the well. Conduct the test on the experimental and the control groups separately.</li>
	<li>Use a pipette tip to draw a horizontal line at the bottom of the culture well. Ensure that the pipette tip is held vertically and try to avoid tilting it.</li>
	<li>Aspirate the culture media and wash with PBS 2-3 times.</li>
	<li>Add 2 mL of serum-free medium to each well.</li>
	<li>Place the plate in the 37 &#176;C incubator. Take pictures under a fourfold magnification of the inverted microscope at 0 h and 24 h to observe changes in cell migration.</li>
</ol>
6. Immunofluorescence
<ol>
	<li>Cell permeabilization:
	<ol>
		<li>After gently pipetting cell suspensions into culture dishes, draw circles with a histology pen at locations where cells are evenly distributed on the coverslip. Treat the control group and different experimental groups separately.</li>
		<li>Add 50-100 &#181;L of permeabilization working solution (0.25-0.5% Triton X-100) and incubate at room temperature (RT) for 20 min. Wash three times with PBS for 5 min each time.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Serum Blocking: Add 3% BSA within the circles to cover the tissue uniformly. Incubate at RT for 30 min.</li>
	<li>Primary antibody incubation: Gently remove the blocking solution and add the appropriately diluted primary antibody (mouse-derived, diluted at 1:300) to the cell wells. Place the cell culture plate in a humid box and incubate overnight at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Secondary antibody incubation: Place the cell plate on a shaker and wash it three times for 5 min each time. Add the corresponding secondary antibody (CY3-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG, diluted at 1:300) and incubate at RT for 50 min.</li>
	<li>DAPI nuclear staining:
	<ol>
		<li>Place the coverslip in PBS (pH 7.4) on a shaker and wash three times for 5 min each time.</li>
		<li>After gently drying the slide, add DAPI staining solution (2 &#181;g/mL, 0.5 mL per circle) within the circles and incubate at RT for 10 min in a dark room.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Mounting: Place the coverslip in PBS (pH 7.4) on a shaker and wash three times for 5 min each time. After gently drying the slide, seal the coverslip with an anti-fading mounting medium for fluorescence.</li>
	<li>Image acquisition: Excite DAPI at a wavelength of 330-380 nm and detect emission at 420 nm; excite at 465-495 nm and detect emission at 515-555 nm for AF488; excite at 510-560 nm and detect emission at 590 nm for CY3; excite at 608-648 nm and detect emission at 672-712 nm for CY5.</li>
</ol>

Enhancing Peripheral Nerve Regeneration with nsPEF-Stimulated Schwann Cells

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N., Levi, N. H., Morykwas, M. J., Wagner, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrical+stimulation+via+repeated+biphasic+conducting+materials+for+peripheral+nerve+regeneration.">Electrical stimulation via repeated biphasic conducting materials for peripheral nerve regeneration.</a> J Mater Sci Mater Med. 34 (11), 1-18 (2023).</li><li>Daly, W. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+and+characterization+of+multiple+biomaterial+conduits+for+peripheral+nerve+repair.">Comparison and characterization of multiple biomaterial conduits for peripheral nerve repair.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (34), 8630-8639 (2013).</li><li>Lee, B. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=End-to-side+neurorrhaphy+using+an+electrospun+PCL/collagen+nerve+conduit+for+complex+peripheral+motor+nerve+regeneration.">End-to-side neurorrhaphy using an electrospun PCL/collagen nerve conduit for complex peripheral motor nerve regeneration.</a> Biomaterials. 33 (35), 9027-9036 (2012).</li><li>Kim, V., Gudvangen, E., Kondratiev, O., Redondo, L., Xiao, S., Pakhomov, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peculiarities+of+neurostimulation+by+intense+nanosecond+pulsed+electric+fields:+how+to+avoid+firing+in+peripheral+nerve+fibers.">Peculiarities of neurostimulation by intense nanosecond pulsed electric fields: how to avoid firing in peripheral nerve fibers.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 22 (13), 7051 (2021).</li><li>Assinck, P., Duncan, G. J., Hilton, B. J., Plemel, J. R., Tetzlaff, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+transplantation+therapy+for+spinal+cord+injury.">Cell transplantation therapy for spinal cord injury.</a> Nat Neurosci. 20 (5), 637-647 (2017).</li><li>Chen, Y. Y., McDonald, D., Cheng, C., Magnowski, B., Durand, J., Zochodne, D. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

In recent years, the application of nsPEF has experienced boosting growth, as reported. nsPEF has a highly targeted effect on only the desired area, providing enough energy to treat without causing additional thermal damage, making it safer for the human body28. These characteristics give it promising translational prospects in tumor treatment and nerve regeneration. However, some studies have proposed some limitations of nsPEF. Compared with materials research, ES is constrained by external power...

Each year, millions of people are affected by nerve injuries involving both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS)1. Studies have demonstrated that the axonal repair capacity of the CNS is quite limited after nerve injuries, while the PNS shows enhanced capacity due to the significant plasticity of SCs2. Nevertheless, achieving complete regeneration after peripheral nerve injuries remains arduous and continues to pose a significant challenge to human health3,4. Nowadays, autografts have remained a common treatment despite the drawbacks of donor site morbidity and limited availability5. This situation has prompted researchers to explore alternative therapies, including materials6, molecular factors7, and electrical stimulation (ES). As a factor promoting axonal growth and nerve regeneration8, choosing an appropriate method of ES and exploring the relationship between ES and SCs become essential.
SCs are the main glial cells of the PNS, playing a crucial role in the regeneration of the PNS9,10. Following peripheral nerve injuries, SCs undergo rapid activation, extensive reprogramming2,&#160;and transition from a myelin-forming state to a growth-supportive morphology to conduct the regeneration of the nerve2. A substantial proliferation of SCs occurs at the distal end of the injured nerve, while SCs of the distal stump undergo proliferation and elongation to form Bungner&#39;s band, which are necessary to guide axons to grow towards the target organ11. Moreover, SCs from the proximal and distal nerve stumps migrate into the nerve bridge to form SC cords promoting axon regeneration12. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that the synthesis and secretion of relevant factors related to SCs change in cases of peripheral nerve regeneration, including transcriptional factors13, neurotrophic factors14, and myelination regulators13. This also provides indicators for assessing the activity of SCs. Based on these, the promotion of SC proliferation, migration, synthesis, and secretion of relevant factors have been extensively investigated for improving peripheral nerve regeneration15.
Previous studies have demonstrated the possibility of using ES for nerve regeneration1. A widely accepted explanation is that ES can induce depolarization of cell membranes, alter membrane potential, and affect membrane protein functions by changing the charge distributions on these biomolecules1. However, widely applied Intense PEF may cause severe pain, involuntary muscle contractions, and heart fibrillation8. It also increases creatine kinase (CK) activity, decreases muscle strength, and induces the development of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)16. nsPEF is an emerging technique that stimulates test subjects with high-voltage electric fields within a nanosecond pulse duration, and it is gradually being used in cellular-level research17,18. Previous studies have reported that the possible rationale of nsPEF promoting cell proliferation and organelle activity is the formation of membrane nanopores and the activation of ionic channels, which leads to an increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration19. nsPEF utilizes pulse power technology to charge the cell membrane, producing pulses characterized by short duration, rapid rise time, high power, and low energy density20. These characteristics suggest that nsPEF may be a preferred mode with minimal stimulation side effects8. Furthermore, nsPEF offers advantages such as minimally invasive procedures, reversibility, adjustability, and non-destructiveness to neural tissues compared to surgical interventions. One mainstream research direction of nsPEF in the biomedical field is its application for tumor tissue ablation using high-energy electric field stimulation21,22,23. Some research results indicate that 12-nsPEF can stimulate peripheral nerves without causing damage24. However, at present, there is limited evidence regarding the application of nsPEF in the field of nerve regeneration. Moreover, stimulating SCs using nsPEF is a pioneering attempt, contributing to further in vivo and clinical research. This study explores whether nsPEF stimulation of SCs can promote nerve regeneration and provide a reliable basis for subsequent in-depth and systematic research.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>G1401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFAP Mouse mAb</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>GB12100-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Neurofilament heavy polypeptide Mouse mAb</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>GB12144-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-S100 beta Mouse mAb</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>GB14146-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>GC305010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslip</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Shitai experimental equipment Co., LTD</td>
			<td>10212432C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CY3-labeled goat anti-mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>GB21302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI Staining Reagent</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>G1012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Decolorizing shaker</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>DS-2S100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Voltage Power Supply for nsPEF</td>
			<td>Matsusada Precision Inc.</td>
			<td>AU-60P1.6-L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histochemical pen</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>G6100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Membrane breaking liquid</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>G1204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope slide</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>G6012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Palm centrifuge</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>MS6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS powdered</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>G0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon, Japan</td>
			<td>NIKON ECLIPSE C1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit Anti-SOX10/AF488 Conjugated antibody</td>
			<td>Beijing Bioss Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>BS-20563R-AF488</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RSC96 Schwann cells</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>STCC30007G-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scanister</td>
			<td>3DHISTECH</td>
			<td>Pannoramic MIDI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special cable for nsPEF</td>
			<td>Times Microwave Systems</td>
			<td>M17/78-RG217</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turbine mixer</td>
			<td>Wuhan Xavier Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>MV-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

regulating schwann cell growth by nanosecond pulsed electric field for peripheral nerve regeneration in vitro

Schwann cells (SCs) are myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system, playing a crucial role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Nanosecond Pulse Electric Field (nsPEF) is an emerging method applicable in nerve electrical stimulation that has been demonstrated to be effective in stimulating cell proliferation and other biological processes. Aiming to assess whether SCs undergo significant changes under nsPEF and help explore the potential for new peripheral nerve regeneration methods, cultured RSC96 cells were subjected to nsPEF stimulation at 5 kV and 10 kV, followed by continued cultivation for 3-4 days. Subsequently, some relevant factors expressed by SCs were assessed to demonstrate the successful stimulation, including the specific marker protein, neurotrophic factor, transcription factor, and myelination regulator. The representative results showed that nsPEF significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of SCs and the ability to synthesize relevant factors that contribute positively to the regeneration of peripheral nerves. Simultaneously, lower expression of GFAP indicated the benign prognosis of peripheral nerve injuries. All these outcomes show that nsPEF has great potential as an efficient treatment method for peripheral nerve injuries by stimulating SCs.

Author Spotlight: Innovative Use of nsPEF to Boost Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Regulating Schwann Cell Growth by Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration In Vitro

Our research focuses on promoting peripheral nerve regeneration by nsPEF stimulated swan cells. We hope to develop a new way to activate swan cells efficiently as nerve regeneration is quite difficult in most cases. We innovatively use a nanosecond post electric field nsPEF to activate swan cells.We are delighted to find that nsPEF may be a preferred mode for peripheral nerve regeneration with minimal stimulation side effects. Besides our protocol provide a reliable basis for subsequent in depth and systematic research. Our laboratory will continually explore the application of nsPEF.In terms of nerve regeneration, we will build up animal models to promote in vivo testing and evaluate the safety of nsPEF in vivo. As there is limited evidence regarding the application of nsPEF in referral nerve regeneration, we hope we can make breakthroughs.

Low-intensity pulsed electric fields stimulate cell proliferation 
According to the CCK-8 assay, the proliferation rate of RSC96 in the 5 kV/cm group was significantly faster than that of the control group cells. However, as the parameters increased (20 kV/cm and 40 kV/cm), the proliferation rate was unstable, even lower than that of the control group. The cell proliferation rate of RSC96 cells in the 40 kV/cm group was significantly lower than the control and 5 kV/cm groups, showing a significant s...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Innovative Use of nsPEF to Boost Peripheral Nerve Regeneration at JoVE.com

Here, we present a protocol for applying nanosecond pulse electric field (nsPEF) to stimulate Schwann cells in vitro. The synthesis and secretion ability of relevant factors and cell behavior changes validated the successful stimulation using nsPEF. The study gives a positive view of the peripheral nerve regeneration method.

Schwann cells (SCs) are myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system, playing a crucial role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Nanosecond Pulse ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

436 Views.  Zhejiang University. Our research focuses on promoting peripheral nerve regeneration by nsPEF stimulated swan cells. We hope to develop a new way to activate swan cells efficiently as nerve regeneration is quite difficult in most cases. We innovatively use a nanosecond post electric field nsPEF to activate swan cells.We are delighted to find that nsPEF may be a preferred mode for peripheral nerve regeneration with minimal stimulation side effects. Besides our protocol provide a reliable basis for subsequen...