This work was supported by the Special Talent Program of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine for &#34;Xinglin Scholars and Discipline Talents Research Promotion Plan&#34; (33002324).

This protocol is derived from previously published literature14,15,16,17. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (260-300 g, 8-10 weeks old) were used for the present study. The animal protocol was reviewed and approved by the Management Committee from Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Record No. 2023017). Prior to the experiment, the rats were instructed to fast for 24 h. During the experiment, the rats were kept in an animal chamber and had free access to food and water.
1. Solution preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare physiological salt solution (PSS) containing 118 mM NaCl, 4.7 mM KCl, 2.5 mM CaCl2, 1.2 mM KH2PO4, 1.2 mM MgCl2&#8729;6H2O, 25 mM NaHCO3, 11 mM D-glucose, and 5 mM HEPES (see the Table of Materials).</li>
	<li>Saturate the solutions and bubble with a mixed gas of 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Meanwhile, maintain the pH values of the solution between 7.38 and 7.42 with 2 mM NaOH.</li>
	<li>Precool 1/3 of the PSS to 4 &#176;C and prewarm the rest to 37 &#176;C for subsequent experiments. 
	NOTE: the PSS was originally prepared at room temperature in steps 1.1-1.2</li>
</ol>
2. Rat intestinal canal dissection
<ol>
	<li>Gather Petri dishes filled with 4&#176;C PSS, surgical tweezers, and scissors. Administer 2% isoflurane to anesthetize the rat through inhalation for approximately 5 min. Verify that the rat is deeply anesthetized by conducting a toe pinch test. If necessary, administer additional anesthetics. Next, expose the intestinal canal by opening the abdominal cavity on an operating table.</li>
	<li>Quickly place the stomach and intestine tubes in a Petri dish filled with 4 &#176;C PSS (pH 7.40) with 95% O2 and 5% CO2 saturated. Locate the duodenum, which is the beginning of the small intestine, in the pylorus of the stomach. Using tweezers, delicately lift the adjacent tissue and carefully trim it away from the intestine&#39;s edge with scissors. Subsequently, divide the intestine into 1-2 cm segments; this entire process is illustrated in Figure 1.</li>
</ol>
3. Suspension and fixation of the intestinal canal (Figure 2)
<ol>
	<li>Turn on the in vitro tissue perfusion system and adjust the bath temperature in the instrument to 37 &#176;C. Place the PSS (37 &#176;C) into the bath.</li>
	<li>Prepare a 15 cm surgical suture (see the Table of Materials) and soak it in 4 &#176;C PSS that is saturated with 95% O2 + 5% CO2. Using the suture, secure one end of the intestinal canal and use a steel needle hook to secure the other end.</li>
	<li>Install the intestinal tube. Mount the segment with the steel needle hook at the bottom of the bath and attach the other end of the surgical line to the transducer. Turn on the gas switch to allow bubbles to emerge in the bath.</li>
	<li>Open the data acquisition software (see the Table of Materials) and click on Start to ensure the corresponding path signal is being recorded.</li>
</ol>
4. Normalization
<ol>
	<li>Rotate the spiral axis of the bath counterclockwise to relax the intestinal tubes to their natural state. Click on Setup-Zero All Inputs to ensure that the initial tension of the intestinal tube is set to 0 g in the software.</li>
	<li>Rotate the spiral axis of the bath counterclockwise to pull the tension value to 1 g and stabilize it in the pH = 7.40, 95% O2 + 5% CO2 saturated 37 &#176;C PSS for 30 min. 
	NOTE: The normalization of the intestinal tube is to adjust its preload to an optimal state. For cavity samples, an optimal preload was necessary to maintain exceptional activity in vitro. The optimal preload of the rat intestinal tube was 1 g18.</li>
</ol>
5. Detection of reactivity
<ol>
	<li>Observe the rhythmic spontaneous contraction waves in the software and proceed to the next experiment as this indicates a sufficient response.</li>
</ol>
6. Experimental observation
<ol>
	<li>Add the test drug (such as acetylcholine, etc.) to the bath to study the effect of the drug on intestinal tube function. 
	NOTE: The drug&#39;s effect was assessed by comparing pre and post administration changes in the intestinal constriction curve. When the drug is added, it is appropriate to increase the bubble to mix the drug, and then adjust the bubble to normal after mixing.</li>
</ol>
7. Data analysis
NOTE: The in vitro tissue perfusion system has four channels that can simultaneously conduct tests on the effects of four identical or different drugs on four intestine tubes. Since the experimental parameters and analysis methods are the same for all channels, one channel is selected as an example for data analysis.
<ol>
	<li>Stop the data acquisition softwareand perform data analysis on this data acquisition software. Edit the data board and select the analysis parameters as follows: Click on Window-Data Pad and choose the average tension for the channel.</li>
	<li>Select the contraction curve before administration and click Add to Data pad; select the contraction curve after administration and click Add to data pad. The average tension value before and after administration will appear on the data pad in turn.</li>
	<li>Click on Window-Data Pad to copy data to other statistical analysis software (see the Table of Materials) for statistical analysis.</li>
	<li>Analyze other parameters, such as average amplitude, average frequency, and integral (area under the curve), simply replace the average tension with the respective parameter, and the operation is the same as steps 6.1-6.3.</li>
	<li>Save contraction curve: Select the contraction curve, click on Edit-Copy Labchart Data to copy data to drawing software (see the Table of Materials) to draw the contraction curve.</li>
</ol>
8. Postsurgical treatment
<ol>
	<li>After surgery, euthanize the animals following institutionally approved protocols. 
	NOTE: For the present study, the animals were euthanized by inhaling excess isoflurane.</li>
</ol>

Protocol for Studying Gastrointestinal Dynamics and Drug Effects on Motility

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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Short-term+probiotic+therapy+alleviates+small+intestinal+bacterial+overgrowth,+but+does+not+improve+intestinal+permeability+in+chronic+liver+disease.">Short-term probiotic therapy alleviates small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, but does not improve intestinal permeability in chronic liver disease.</a> Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 26 (12), 1353-1359 (2014).</li><li>Tang, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+Tlr4+and+the+microbiome+drive+cerebral+cavernous+malformations.">Endothelial Tlr4 and the microbiome drive cerebral cavernous malformations.</a> Nature. 545 (7654), 305-310 (2017).</li><li>Mayer, E. 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The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Gastrointestinal motility is accomplished by a series of precisely coordinated smooth muscle contractions and relaxations. This process involves rhythmic contraction of one group of muscle groups, coordinated contraction of multiple groups, and special propulsive contraction20,21. The occurrence of gastrointestinal motility disorders may be associated with dysfunctions at different levels, such as the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system, enteric nerv...

Gastrointestinal diseases, a prevalent condition, gravely impact human life and health1. Gastrointestinal motility disorder is an important part of functional gastrointestinal diseases, manifesting primarily in debilitating symptoms, delayed gastric emptying, and severe gastric issues2. It can disrupt gastrointestinal coordination, hinder gastric emptying, impact intestinal food intolerance, and even cause functional obstruction in the small or large intestine3. For patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery, this disorder can directly lead to intestinal failure. Moreover, intestinal disorder is not only related to gastrointestinal diseases but also to the pathogenic factors of various other diseases, such as hepatitis and central nervous system diseases. Intestinal microbial communities play a crucial regulatory role in intestinal physiology, including motility, which subsequently influences colonization within the microbial ecosystem4. As hepatitis B virus infection progresses to chronic hepatitis B, there are varying degrees of changes in the intestinal flora. Modulating the intestinal flora has demonstrated benefits in hepatitis B virus treatment5. Additionally, the central nervous system can influence the intestine and alter its microbial composition. Recent advancements in microflora sequencing technology have uncovered bidirectional interactions between gut microflora and central nervous system function, closely associated with the occurrence and progression of central nervous system diseases6,7.
With the aging of society, the incidence of gastrointestinal motility disorder is escalating, linked to the decline or loss of neuronal function in the enteric nervous system and bowel&#39;s intrinsic innervation8. As our comprehension of gastrointestinal diseases broadens, numerous novel ideas and approaches emerge, potentially leading to novel drug developments. However, many of these ideas are still hypothetical or await positive clinical trial outcomes to materialize9,10. Effective research methods are crucial in overcoming gastrointestinal diseases. In recent years, extensive research has focused on gastrointestinal drugs and motility regulation. Gastrointestinal drugs and gastrointestinal dynamics are inseparable, and many other systemic drugs have varying effects on gastrointestinal dynamics. For instance, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used for pain and inflammation and slow gastrointestinal movement, heightening peptic ulcer risk11. On the other hand, some antidepressants may affect gastrointestinal motility12. Currently, the main in vitro pharmacological experiment studying the effects of gastrointestinal drugs and other systemic drugs on gastrointestinal motility is the in vitro intestine movement assay13. By simulating physiological conditions, they observe drugs&#39; direct impact on intestinal smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, evaluating their gastrointestinal effects. However, the precise cause of gastrointestinal motility disorders remains unclear, likely a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, dietary, and neuroendocrine factors. Consequently, the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders continues to pose significant challenges.
The small intestine, being a crucial site for digestion, absorption, and drug metabolism, holds significance in gastrointestinal function. As a result, the isolated intestinal tube movement test is an essential tool for studying gastrointestinal diseases. This involves preparing and placing the animal&#39;s isolated intestinal tube in a bath, connecting it to an energy exchanger, utilizing a transducer to convert mechanical movements into electrical signals for amplification, and recording by a physiological recorder. Various parameters such as frequency, average amplitude of vibration, tension, and area under the curve can be measured to evaluate the motor function of the intestinal tube. This method offers advantages such as simplicity, economic feasibility, easy control of experimental conditions, minimal influencing factors, high reproducibility, and accurate and reliable results. Moreover, it is particularly useful for investigating the mechanism of drug action. However, there are notable challenges in the operation of the isolated intestinal tube experiment, for example, intestinal activity is difficult to maintain for a long time. To address these issues and draw from experiences in in vitro experiments, this paper will provide a detailed introduction to the key problems in experimental operation and present a valuable reference experimental protocol for studying drugs that regulate gastrointestinal motility.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetylcholine&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma, USA</td>
			<td>A6625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>atropine</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>IA06501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barium chloride</td>
			<td>Macklin Biochemical Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>B861682</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>A501330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-glucose</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>A610219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>drawing software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epinephrine</td>
			<td>Sigma, USA</td>
			<td>E4642</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Xiya Reagent Co., Ltd., Shandong, China</td>
			<td>S3872</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>In vitro tissue perfusion system</td>
			<td>PowerLab, ADInstruments, Australia</td>
			<td>ML0146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>A100395</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>A100781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabChart Professional version 8.3&#160;</td>
			<td>ADInstruments, Australia</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2&#183;6H2O</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>A100288</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>A100241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>A100865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nifedipine</td>
			<td>Macklin Biochemical Co.,Ltd.,Shanghai, China</td>
			<td>N5087</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>statistical analysis software</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical sutures</td>
			<td>Johnson, USA</td>
			<td>&#8212;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using an in vitro tissue perfusion system to detect the functional activities of isolated intestinal tubes in real time

Gastrointestinal diseases, which have a high incidence, pose considerable challenges for humans. The small intestine is integral to food and drug digestion and absorption and plays a crucial role in treating these diseases. The intestinal tube movement experiment, a common and essential in vitro method, is utilized to study gastrointestinal dynamics. This includes the preparation of the isolated intestinal tube, as well as the suspension of the prepared intestinal tube in the bath and its connection to a signal detector. This is followed by the recording and analysis of a series of parameters, such as tension, which can be used to assess intestinal motor function, as well as considerations for keeping the intestinal tube active in vitro. The standardized program from sampling to data collection greatly improves the repeatability of the experimental data and ensures the authenticity of the recording of intestinal tension after physiological, pathological, and drug intervention. Here we present the key problems in experimental operation and a valuable reference experimental protocol for studying drugs that regulate gastrointestinal motility.

Author Spotlight: Reliable and Reproducible In Vitro Assessment of Drug Impact on Rat Intestinal Tubes

Using An In Vitro Tissue Perfusion System to Detect the Functional Activities of Isolated Intestinal Tubes in Real Time

We present a method for isolating rat intestinal tubes and assessing the impact of drugs on their tension, frequency, and amplitude in vitro. This method offers a valuable approach for researchers investigating intestinal tubes. The current experimental challenge is maintaining the consistency and the stability of technical methods to ensure reliable and reproducible scientific research outcomes, particularly considering the sensitivity and the variability inherent in biological systems.This protocol offers advantages such as simplicity, economical feasibility, easy control of experimental conditions, minimal influencing factors, high reproducibility, and accurate results.

The first part of the study focuses on the process of separating isolated intestinal tubes from the body and converting them into 2 cm tubes in vitro. This process is illustrated in detail in Figure 1. The second part involves the suspension and standardization of the isolated intestinal tube ring. The success of this process is demonstrated in Figure 2, which shows the automatic rhythmic contraction of a normal tube. Lastly, the study examines the effe...

We present a method for isolating rat intestinal tubes and assessing the impact of drugs on their tension, frequency, and amplitude in vitro. This method offers a valuable approach for researchers investigating intestinal tubes.

Gastrointestinal diseases, which have a high incidence, pose considerable challenges for humans. The small intestine is integral to food and drug ...

using-an-vitro-tissue-perfusion-system-to-detect-functional

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

363 Views.  Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. We present a method for isolating rat intestinal tubes and assessing the impact of drugs on their tension, frequency, and amplitude in vitro. This method offers a valuable approach for researchers investigating intestinal tubes. The current experimental challenge is maintaining the consistency and the stability of technical methods to ensure reliable and reproducible scientific research outcomes, particularly considering the sensitivity and the variability inherent in biological systems.

Video: Author Spotlight: Reliable and Reproducible In Vitro Assessment of Drug Impact on Rat Intestinal Tubes

Isolation of Rat Intestinal Tubes to Study Gastrointestinal Dynamics

To begin, prepare a physiological salt solution, or PSS. Saturate the solution by bubbling with a mixed gas of 95%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide. Maintain the pH values of the solution between 7.38 and 7.42, with two millimolar sodium hydroxide.Pre-cool one-third of the PSS to four degrees Celsius. Then, pre-warm the remaining solution to 37 degrees Celsius for subsequent experiments. Now gather Petri dishes filled with four degrees Celsius PSS, surgical tweezers, and scissors.Quickly place the stomach and intestine tubes in a Petri dish filled with four degrees Celsius PSS saturated with 95%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide. Locate the duodenum in the pylorus of the stomach. Using tweezers, delicately lift the adjacent tissue and carefully trim it away from the intestine's edge with scissors.Divide the intestine into one to two centimeter segments.

Fixation of the Intestinal Canal in the Perfusion System and Analyzing its Functional Activity 

To begin, turn on the in vitro tissue perfusion system. Adjust the instrument's bath temperature to 37 degrees Celsius. Then, place the 37 degrees Celsius physiological salt solution, or PSS, into the bath.Prepare a 15 centimeter surgical suture and soak it in four degrees Celsius PSS saturated with 95%oxygen and 5%carbon dioxide. Secure one end of the intestinal canal with the suture and use a steel needle hook to secure the other end. Next, install the intestinal tube.Mount the segment with the steel needle hook at the bottom of the bath, and attach the other end of the surgical line to the transducer. Turn on the gas switch to allow bubbles to emerge in the bath. Now, open the data acquisition software and click on Start to ensure the corresponding path signal is being recorded.Rotate the spiral axis of the bath counterclockwise to relax the intestinal tubes to their natural state. Click on Setup, Zero All Inputs to ensure that the software sets the intestinal tubes'initial tension to zero grams. Then, rotate the spiral axis of the bath clockwise to pull the tension value to one gram and stabilize it in the 37 degrees Celsius PSS for 30 minutes.Observe the rhythmic spontaneous contraction waves in the software as this indicates a sufficient response. Next, add the test drug to the bath to study its effect on intestinal tube function. Afterward, stop the data acquisition software and perform data analysis using the software.To edit the data board and select the analysis parameters, click on Window, Data Pad, and choose the average tension for the channel. Select the contraction curve before administration and click add to data pad. Then, select the contraction curve after administration and click add to data pad.The average tension value before and after administration will appear on the data pad in turn. Then click on Window, Data Pad to copy data to other statistical analysis software for further analysis. Analyze other parameters such as average amplitude, average frequency, and integral area under the curve.Replace the average tension with the respective parameter. Afterward, select the curve. Click on Edit, Copy LabChart Data to copy the data to drawing software for visualization.The study examined the effects of various agents on the tension of isolated intestinal tube rings. Acetylcholine significantly enhanced tension in these tubes. Conversely, atropine inhibited the tension caused by acetylcholine.Similarly, barium chloride also enhanced tension. On the other hand, both epinephrine and nifedipine inhibited tension in the isolated intestinal tube rings.