Development and validation of the L2 word learning protocol was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship (32 CFR 168a) issued by the US Department of Defense Air Force Office of Scientific Research. Development and validation of the cartoon retelling protocol with adolescents with ASD was supported by a Ruth S. Kirschstein Institutional National Research Service Award (T32) from the National Institutes of Mental Health. The author thanks Rachel Fader, Theo Haugen, Andrew Lynn, Ashlie Caputo, and Marco Pilotta with assistance with data collection and coding.

All participants provided written consent, and all protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the host institution. The L2 word learning and cartoon retelling protocols were implemented in the studies on which the representative results are based21,33. Although these protocols have been conducted only in in-person contexts to date, a related protocol manipulating the visibility of the interlocutor and the participant independently not described here is currently being conducted to provide insight into replicability in this context, with plans to expand it to populations with communication challenges, such as individuals with ASD.
1. Participants
NOTE: While respecting necessary constraints on participant characteristics for each study, samples should be representative of the larger population insofar as possible.
<ol>
	<li>Participant recruitment for L2 word learning protocol
	<ol>
		<li>Recruit participants aged 18 years and above with normal or corrected-to-normal vision and normal hearing who are L1 speakers of English. To ensure that the study examines the impact of gesture on initial-stage L2 word learning, recruit participants without any knowledge of Hungarian, the target language.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Participant recruitment for cartoon retelling protocol
	<ol>
		<li>Recruit participants of an age capable of completing the experimental task (10-20 years of age in Morett et al.21.) with a diagnosis of ASD or who are typically developing (TD).
		<ol>
			<li>To ensure that participants can complete the experimental task successfully, recruit participants who are L1 speakers of English, have normal or corrected-to-normal vision and normal hearing, and have a full-scale IQ of 85 or above, as measured before or at the time of the study via a standardized assessment46.</li>
			<li>To ensure that the study examines the specific effects of ASD on gesture production, recruit participants with ASD without epilepsy, meningitis, encephalitis, diabetes, childhood disintegrative disorder, or Pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS).</li>
			<li>To ensure that gesture production in ASD can be compared to typical gesture production, recruit TD participants without comorbid psychiatric disorders or first-degree relatives diagnosed with pervasive developmental disorders.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Overview of visibility manipulation
<ol>
	<li>Recruit participants in pairs if the effects of producing and observing spontaneous gestures will be examined, as in the L2 word learning protocol. Recruit participants individually in coordination with a research assistant acting as a participant if only the effects of producing spontaneous gestures will be examined, as in the cartoon retelling protocol.</li>
	<li>Provide an informed consent form with information about the study to participants to sign and answer any questions about it, taking care not to reveal the focus of the study on gesture production. Collect the form after participants have signed it.</li>
	<li>For participants recruited in pairs, use a selection method such as a coin toss to determine which participant will serve as the speaker, who will do most of the talking in the experimental task, and which participant will serve as the interlocutor, who will do most of the listening and occasionally interact with the speaker in the experimental task. For participants recruited individually with a research assistant acting as a participant, use a fixed selection method such as a rigged coin toss to ensure that the participant always serves as the speaker and that the research assistant always serves as the interlocutor.</li>
	<li>In half of the experimental sessions, place an opaque divider between the speaker and the interlocutor to ensure they cannot see one another&#39;s face or hands.</li>
	<li>Explain to participants what they will do in the experimental task and answer any questions about it. Inform participants that their speech will be audio recorded, pointing out the microphone used for this purpose. To avoid any effects of awareness of video recording on gesture production, do not inform participants that they will be video recorded and ensure that the video camera used for this purpose is not visible to participants.</li>
	<li>Initiate video and audio recording by pressing the appropriate buttons. Implement the experimental task to elicit speech and gesture from the speaker and the participant interlocutor, if there is one.</li>
	<li>If a within-participants design is employed, remove the opaque divider if used in the first iteration or place it between the speaker and interlocutor if not used in the first iteration.</li>
	<li>Repeat the experimental task as needed until all stimuli have been exhausted.</li>
	<li>Stop video and audio recording by pressing the appropriate buttons. Inform participants that the study focused on gestures and that they were video recorded and offer to delete their videos prior to data analysis if desired.</li>
	<li>Answer any questions from participants and thank them for participating before dismissing them.</li>
</ol>
3. L2 word learning protocol
<ol>
	<li>Video and audio record the speaker and interlocutor so that speech and gesture production during the experimental task can be analyzed later.
	<ol>
		<li>Place a table microphone between the speaker and the interlocutor for audio recording. Place a video camera to one side between the speaker and interlocutor at a 90&#176; angle and ensure it is not visible to participants.</li>
		<li>Additionally, ensure that both the speaker and interlocutor are encompassed within the scope of view of the video camera and that the computer screen is not visible in the scope of view of the video camera to maintain blindness to the condition in which L2 words are presented in the analysis.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Using a computer, present an L2 word from the target language aurally to the speaker via earphones to ensure that it is inaudible to the interlocutor so that the speaker can subsequently teach it to the interlocutor. At the same time, present either a video of an L1 speaker of the target language saying the L2 word and producing a representational gesture conveying its meaning with the text of the L2 word at the bottom of the screen or the L2 word as text in the middle of the screen without a video to the speaker.</li>
	<li>After a 500 ms pause, present the L1 translation of the L2 word as text in the middle of the screen to the speaker for 2000 ms.</li>
	<li>Prompt the explainer to teach the L2 word and its meaning to the interlocutor via speech and/or gesture.</li>
	<li>Instruct the speaker to press a button to move on when ready. After the speaker does so, present another L2 word. Repeat this process until all 20 L2 words have been presented in random order.</li>
	<li>Individually test the speaker&#39;s and interlocutor&#39;s knowledge of the L2 words presented in the experimental task by presenting each L2 word as text and prompting them to say its L1 translation or skip the word if they do not recall its translation.</li>
</ol>
4. Cartoon retelling protocol
<ol>
	<li>If the participant&#39;s IQ has not been measured via a standardized IQ assessment previously, administer one to ensure that their IQ is 85 or above.</li>
	<li>Video and audio record participants so that their speech and gesture production can be analyzed later. Place a table microphone in front of the participant for audio recording. Place a camera on one side of the participant at a 90&#176; angle and ensure that the camera is not visible to the participant.</li>
	<li>Present the first half of the Looney Tunes cartoon Canary Row to the participant. This half of the cartoon contains several vignettes in which Sylvester the cat attempts and fails to catch Tweety bird.</li>
	<li>Instruct the participant to retell the events of the first half of the cartoon to the interlocutor in as much detail as they can recall. Instruct the interlocutor to listen to the participant&#39;s retelling, prompting the participant to say more if it is brief.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 4.1. and 4.2. for the second half of the Canary Row video, which contains several more vignettes in which Sylvester the cat attempts and fails to catch Tweety bird.</li>
</ol>
5. Transcription and coding
NOTE: To minimize bias, when possible, transcribe and code data blind without knowing which participants and trials were assigned to which conditions. Ideally, transcribers and coders should not be involved in data collection.
<ol>
	<li>Transcribe all participant speech orthographically by hand using appropriate software according to a standardized scheme, such as CHAT47, to produce a word count. Transcribe all verbal information, such as fillers and corrections, but do not transcribe pauses.</li>
	<li>Identify and code all participant gestures to produce a count for each gesture type. Identify gestures from rest to rest and categorize them into four types based on McNeill&#39;s taxonomy2,3: iconic, metaphorical, beat, and deictic. Note that some gestures may be classified as more than one type.</li>
	<li>Compute the rate of gestures per hundred words by dividing the number of representational gestures by the number of words and multiplying it by 100 for each vignette.</li>
	<li>Have an independent coder code participant gestures for 25% of the data. Compute percent agreement for data coded by both coders and ensure that it is at least 80% to ensure sufficient interrater reliability.</li>
</ol>

Protocol for Assessing Gestures Under Communication Challenges

The author has no competing financial interests to declare.

The current protocol manipulates the visibility of the speaker and interlocutor to one another, providing insight into its impact on gesture production under challenging circumstances: L2 word learning and narrative retelling by adolescents with ASD. This protocol can be implemented either in-person or virtually, permitting participant and interlocutor visibility to be manipulated in tandem or independently. It can accommodate a wide variety of experimental tasks, gestures, and populations, providing them with the flexib...

Co-speech gestures (heretofore, gestures) - meaningful hand movements produced concurrently with speech - contribute to interpersonal communication by conveying information complementing verbal content1. According to the most widely used taxonomy2,3, gestures can be divided into three categories: representational gestures, which convey referents via their form and motion (e.g., flapping the hands back and forth together to convey flying); beat gestures, which convey emphasis via simple punctate movements (e.g., moving the dominant hand downward slightly in conjunction with each word in the phrase &#34;right now&#34;); and deictic gestures, which draw attention to the presence or absence of an entity via pointing (e.g., swinging the thumb backward to indicate something behind oneself). Representational gestures can be further divided into two additional categories: iconic gestures, which convey concrete referents (e.g., a bird), and metaphorical gestures, which convey metaphorical referents (e.g., ecstasy). Because gesture and speech arise from the same conceptual content, they are closely related in meaning4,5. By serving as an iconic visual medium for communication, gestures can help compensate when challenges in spoken language comprehension arise6, whether due to individual factors such as limited proficiency in the language spoken7,8 or environmental factors such as difficulty in hearing speech9,10. Thus, gestures are integral to understanding interpersonal communication in face-to-face and virtual contexts, providing insight into how speakers and listeners convey and comprehend information multimodally.
Several structured interactive tasks have been developed to measure how gesture affects interpersonal communication. These tasks include interviews, in which participants respond to questions by describing their personal experiences11,12; image description, in which a static image is presented to participants to describe13,14; puzzle solving, in which participants describe how to solve a puzzle by spatially orienting components correctly15,16; direction provision, in which participants are instructed to give directions to a location unfamiliar to listeners17,18,19; and narrative retelling, in which participants view a cartoon depicting a sequence of events and subsequently recount them20,21,22. Many of the tasks employed in the studies cited above incorporate spatial content and action, which gesture conveys with particular efficacy15,23,24,25. In the tasks for the studies cited above, participants typically produce gestures in conjunction with language, and information conveyed via gesture and its relationship to concurrently produced language is assessed. Alternatively, participants may view a recording of someone gesturing (or not gesturing) and producing language when completing one of these tasks, after which participants&#39; comprehension is assessed. All of these tasks may be conducted virtually as well as face-to-face, enabling data collection from a wide range of participants and comparison across modalities.
The impact of gestures on interpersonal communication has been implemented with a wide range of participants. Of particular interest have been populations with communication challenges, including young children26,27,28,29,30, second language (L2) users8,31,32,33, individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)20,21,22,34, individuals with specific language impairment35,36,37, individuals with aphasia12,38, individuals with brain injury39, and individuals who stutter40,41. This work has revealed that, while many of these populations can utilize gestures to facilitate communication, some, such as individuals with autism spectrum disorder, may encounter difficulty leveraging gestures to communicate effectively. The findings suggest that this may be due to the extent to which these populations take audience design and environmental cues into consideration, highlighting the practical implications of these explanations for the impact of gestures on communication.
A key feature providing insight into the impact of gestures on interpersonal communication is interlocutor visibility. A question of great importance in the field of gesture research is the extent to which participants gesture for their own benefit, indicating the offloading of cognitive operations onto the body, vs. the benefit of their interlocutors, indicating the use of gesture to communicate. This question has been investigated by examining the impact of interlocutor (non-)visibility on gesture production in face-to-face contexts via the use of an opaque partition26,42, as well as in telephone contexts13 and virtual contexts43. Overall, the results of this work indicate that, although speakers gesture for their own benefit, they produce more representational gestures when communicating with visible than non-visible interlocutors, whereas beat gesture production is similar regardless of interlocutor visibility. Thus, they suggest that representational gesture facilitates communication across a variety of contexts, suggesting that speakers take the perspective of their interlocutors into account and modify their gesture production accordingly. Although previous research examining the effect of interlocutor visibility has been instrumental in providing insight into the contributions of gesture to interpersonal communication, it has focused on English as a first language (L1) in typically developing populations, so it is unclear whether the findings can be extended to populations with communication challenges. Two such populations are L2 learners, who may struggle to communicate via speech in the target language, and children with ASD, whose verbal and nonverbal communication are abnormal. Furthermore, little research has examined the impact of interlocutor visibility on gesture production in virtual contexts, which allow the effect of the interlocutor&#39;s visibility on the participant to be disentangled from the effect of the participant&#39;s visibility to the interlocutor, so the replicability of findings from these contexts is currently unclear. Finally, some research has focused on the impact of interlocutor visibility on the production of specific types of gestures, so it is unclear whether the production of other types of gestures is similarly affected by interlocutor visibility.
The protocols described below manipulate interlocutor visibility to examine gesture production in challenging circumstances: L2 word learning and narrative retelling by individuals with ASD. The L2 word learning protocol bridges research examining the impact of observing gestures on L2 word learning with research examining the contribution of gestures to communication via an interactive word learning paradigm. In this paradigm, participants unfamiliar with the target language learn words in it and then teach these words to other participants unfamiliar with the target language, permitting the impact of interlocutor visibility on gesture production to be examined in the earliest stages of L2 acquisition in a conversational context. The cartoon retelling paradigm employs a widely used narrative retelling task in which differences in gesture production have been observed when interlocutor visibility is manipulated with a new population: adolescents with ASD. This population is of interest because language development, including gesture production, is mature by adolescence, and ASD entails difficulty with verbal and nonverbal communication, including gestures, as well as a lack of sensitivity to the communicative needs of interlocutors. Together, these protocols provide insight into the extent to which gesture production is dependent on - and, conversely, can compensate for - speech when interpersonal communication is challenging.
Based on findings demonstrating how listener visibility affects gesture production by L1 English speakers13,26,42,43, it was hypothesized that participants would produce more overall gestures and more representational gestures when discussing L2 words with a visible than a non-visible interlocutor. Based on findings demonstrating abnormalities in gesture production&#160;in ASD20,44, it was hypothesized that adolescents with ASD would produce fewer overall gestures as well as fewer representational and deictic gestures than typically developing (TD) adolescents. Moreover, based on findings showing that ASD entails difficulty with perspective taking45, it was hypothesized that gesture production by adolescents with ASD would not differ significantly in the presence of visible and non-visible interlocutors. Finally, an interaction between diagnosis and visibility was predicted, such that gesture production would not differ by visibility for adolescents with ASD but that it would for TD adolescents.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Computer</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>Z131</td>
			<td>24&#34; iMac, 8-core CPU &#38; GPU, M3 chip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conference USB microphone</td>
			<td>Tonor</td>
			<td>B07GVGMW59</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELAN</td>
			<td>The Language Archive</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software application used to transcribe speech and gesture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video Recorder</td>
			<td>Vjianger</td>
			<td>B07YBCMXJJ</td>
			<td>FHD 2.7K 30 FPS 24 MP 16X digital zoom 3&#34; touch screen video recorder with renote control and tripod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence</td>
			<td>Pearson</td>
			<td>158981561</td>
			<td>Used to verify full scale IQ &#8805; 80 in Morett et al. (2016)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

examining gesture production in the presence of communication challenges

Understanding why speakers modify their co-speech hand gestures when speaking to interlocutors provides valuable insight into how these gestures contribute to interpersonal communication in face-to-face and virtual contexts. The current protocols manipulate the visibility of speakers and their interlocutors in tandem in a face-to-face context to examine the impact of visibility on gesture production when communication is challenging. In these protocols, speakers complete tasks such as teaching words from an unfamiliar second language or recounting the events of cartoon vignettes to an interlocutor who is either another participant or a confederate. When performing these tasks, speakers are visible or non-visible to their interlocutor, and the speaker is visible or non-visible to the participant. In the word learning task, speakers and interlocutors visible to one another produce more representational gestures, which convey meaning via handshape and motion, and deictic (pointing) gestures than speakers and interlocutors who are not visible to one another. In the narrative retelling protocol, adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) produced more gestures when speaking to visible interlocutors than non-visible interlocutors. A major strength of the current protocol is its flexibility in terms of the tasks, populations, and gestures examined, and the current protocol can be implemented in videoconferencing as well as face-to-face contexts. Thus, the current protocol has the potential to advance the understanding of gesture production by elucidating its role in interpersonal communication in populations with communication challenges.

Author Spotlight: Deciphering the Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Gesture in Communication  

Examining Gesture Production in the Presence of Communication Challenges

My research examines the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the body's impact on communication via hand gesture and sign language. A major focus of my work is how the relationship between gesture and speech differs in typical and atypical language development and processing. In vivo neuroscience techniques such as electroencephalography or EEG, functional magnetic resonance imaging or fMRI, and functional near infrared spectroscopy or fNIRS have been instrumental in revealing the neural mechanisms of hand gesture and sign language.In addition, eye tracking provides insight into real-time processing of hand gesture and sign language. My work was the first to show that observing hand gestures conveying pitch contours helps speakers of atonal languages, such as English, learn lexical tone and tonal languages such as Mandarin. I'm currently using EEG and fNIRS to investigate the neural signatures of this effect.This protocol provides a means to investigate gesture production in the presence of communication challenges. I've used it successfully to investigate gesture production in second language learners and individuals with autism spectrum disorders in in-person settings, and I plan to expand it to additional populations and virtual settings. My findings provide insight into how observing and producing hand gestures can facilitate language acquisition and processing.Moreover, they're helping to reveal potential biomarkers of language atypicalities as well as treatment efficacy.

L2 word learning 
Implementation: The results reported below are based on data collected from 52 healthy participants (21 males, 31 females; age: M = 20.15, SD = 1.73, range = 18-28) according to the protocol outlined above. All speech and gesture were coded by a primary coder, who could not be blind to visibility condition as data from both the speaker and interlocutor were recorded using a single camera, as described in step 3.4. To establish inter-rater reliability, a se...

Read this Scientific Article Protocol about Author Spotlight: Deciphering the Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Gesture in Communication at JoVE.com

Here, we present a protocol that manipulates interlocutor visibility to examine its impact on gesture production in interpersonal communication. This protocol is flexible to tasks implemented, gestures examined, and communication modality. It is ideal for populations with communication challenges, such as second language learners and individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Understanding why speakers modify their co-speech hand gestures when speaking to interlocutors provides valuable insight into how these gestures ...

examining-gesture-production-presence-communication

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

715 Views.  University of Missouri. My research examines the cognitive and neural mechanisms of the body's impact on communication via hand gesture and sign language. A major focus of my work is how the relationship between gesture and speech differs in typical and atypical language development and processing. In vivo neuroscience techniques such as electroencephalography or EEG, functional magnetic resonance imaging or fMRI, and functional near infrared spectroscopy or fNIRS have been instrumental in revealing the neural mecha...

Video: Author Spotlight: Deciphering the Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Gesture in Communication  

Protocol for Visibility Manipulation to Study Gesture Production

To begin, provide an informed consent form to the participants explaining the study without revealing its focus on gesture production. Ensure the participants sign the form and answer any questions they have. Collect the signed form.For pair participants, use a coin toss to assign roles. One as the speaker and the other is the interlocutor. For individual participants with a research assistant, used a rigged coin toss to assign the participant as the speaker and the research assistant as the interlocutor.In half of the sessions, place an opaque divider between the speaker and interlocutor to ensure they cannot see one another's face or hands. Explain the experimental task to participants answering any questions. Inform them about audio recording, showing the microphone, but do not disclose video recording and ensure that the video camera is not visible to the participants.Start audio and video recording, and implement the experimental task to elicit speech and gesture. If using a within participants design, remove the opaque divider according to the session iteration. Repeat the experimental task until all stimuli are covered.Stop audio and video recording. Inform participants about the study's focus on gestures and that they were video recorded. Answer any final questions from participants and thank them before dismissal.

L2 Word Learning Protocol to Study Gesture Production

To begin, recruit paired participants and use a coin toss to assign roles. One is the speaker, and the other is the interlocutor. Place a table microphone between the speaker and interlocutor for audio recording.Also place a video camera at a 90-degree angle to the side, ensuring it remains hidden from the participants. Ensure both the speaker and interlocutor are within the view of the video camera and the computer screen remains out of the frame to maintain condition blindness. Use a computer to present an L2 word from the target language orally to the speaker via earphones and visually in one of two formats, either with a representational gesture video of an L1 speaker or as text only.After a 500-millisecond pause, display the L1 translation of the L2 word to the speaker for 2, 000 milliseconds. Prompt the speaker to teach the L2 word and its meaning to the interlocutor using speech or gesture. Instruct the speaker to press a button when ready to proceed.Present the next L2 word and continue until all 20 L2 words are covered. Present each L2 word as text, and prompt them to say its L1 translation, or skip the word if they do not recall its translation. The study examined the impact of visibility on gesture production and communication.It was found that primary speakers made more gestures when interlocutors were visible with significant increases in representational and deictic gestures. No significant difference was noted for beat gestures for the primary speakers. Interlocutors also gestured more when visible to primary speakers, but without statistical significance.

Cartoon Retelling Protocol to Study Gesture Production

To begin, administer consent to participants. Then administer a standardized IQ assessment to participants, ensuring their IQ is 85 or above. To record participants for their speech and gesture production, set up a table microphone in front of the participant and a hidden camera at a 90 degree angle on one side of the participant.Explain the setup to the participant. Present the first half of the Looney Tunes Cartoon, Canary Row, to the participant, focusing on vignettes when Sylvester the Cat tries to catch Tweety Bird. Instruct the participant to retell the events of the cartoon's first half in detail to the interlocutor.Guide the interlocutor to encourage more details if the participant's account is brief. Then place a divider. Repeat these steps for the second half of Canary Row, covering additional vignettes of Sylvester's attempts to catch Tweety Bird.A study conducted on 41 adolescents, of which 18 were diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, showed no overall difference in gesture production compared to typically developed adolescents. However, adolescents with autism spectrum disorder produced fewer metaphorical and beat gestures. Also, both groups gestured more to visible interlocutors, with no significant interaction between diagnosis and listener visibility.