This work was supported by the Nanshan District Health Science and Technology Project (Grant No. NS2023002; NS2023044), the Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (Grant No. A2023195), the Nanshan District Health Science and Technology Major Project (Grant No. NSZD2023023; NSZD2023026), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82102640), and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFC3602203).

The protocol adheres to the regulations stipulated by the ethical committee of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, which has granted approval for the protocol. The written informed consent from the patient was obtained. A 31-year-old female patient was enrolled, who had suffered from consistent left leg radiating pain with a visual analogue scale (VAS)7 equal to 8. Physical examination findings were as follows: (1) upper body side bending to the right; (2) restricted range of motion in leaning forward and back; (3) positive left straight leg raising test and Braggard test; (4) left tibialis anterior strength grade 4; (5) numbness in the lateral area of the left lower leg and dorsum of the left foot. A positive lumbar 4-5 disc herniation (left paramedian type) was confirmed with MRI. She had experienced ineffective outpatient conservative therapy, including rest, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (celecoxib 200 mg/day for 6 weeks), and acupuncture for two months. The surgical tools and equipment used in the study are listed in the Table of Materials.
1. Decompression under endoscope
<ol>
	<li>Position and anesthesia
	<ol>
		<li>Perform endoscopic lumbar discectomy through a transforaminal approach8. Place the patient in a prone position and mark the skin puncture point under fluoroscopic guidance. Inject 0.5% lidocaine (10 mL) into the puncture point after local disinfection and draping.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Puncture and cannula placement
	<ol>
		<li>Puncture using an 18 G needle at the marked puncture point and adjust the position under fluoroscopy. Step by step, insert the dilatation cannula (3.7 mm in diameter) and confirm reaching an ideal position under fluoroscopy.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Endoscopic lumbar decompression
	<ol>
		<li>Insert trephine saws of different sizes (5 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm in diameter) and rotate to remove bone on the cranial, dorsal, and caudal aspects of the superior articular process of L5 to perform foraminoplasty9.</li>
		<li>Expose step by step and remove soft tissues. Visualize around the suspected area of the herniated disc (a hilly-like shape, usually significantly different from the surrounding flat area). Determine the targeted herniated disc and the compressed nerve root10.</li>
		<li>Identify and remove the herniated and loose disc (including AF, NP, and cartilage endplate). Examine the decompressed nerve root and confirm no residual discs are present. 
		NOTE: To identify the targeted herniation, our experience is to assess the color, texture, and shape of the disc material. Ruptured or herniated discs may appear discolored, fragmented, or displaced compared to the surrounding normal tissue. To examine the condition of the decompressed nerve root, allow the patient to cough and observe the &#34;pulsation&#34; state of the decompressed nerve root11.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. PLL-AF suture technique
<ol>
	<li>Penetration of the lateral AF tear
	<ol>
		<li>Use a disposable annular stapler for endoscopic suture12. Identify the AF tear and penetrate the first stitch (silk made, 0.4 mm in diameter) using a curve-shaped needle in the annular stapler into the intact lateral AF tissue (Figure 1A). Check and confirm that the stitch is anchored securely (Figure 1B).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>PLL suturing
	<ol>
		<li>Penetrate the second stitch (silk made, 0.4 mm in diameter) into the PLL and confirm it penetrates also through the below medial intact AF. Check and confirm that the stitch is anchored securely. Then, tighten the first and the second stitches with a square knot (Figure 1C). 
		NOTE: Identifying the PLL after decompression can be challenging at times. Careful operation and determination of the medial and dorsal regions of the spinal canal are suggested.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>The third strengthen stitch
	<ol>
		<li>Cut the first stitch (Figure 1D) and penetrate the third stitch (silk made, 0.4 mm in diameter) at the lateral area of the intact AF and at the cranial position of the second stitch (Figure 1E).</li>
		<li>Check and confirm that the stitch is anchored securely. Cut both two stitches after making a square knot (Figure 1F). Check the nerve root again and make sure no compression exists.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Postoperative management
<ol>
	<li>Administer 50 mg of flurbiprofen axetil intravenously for postoperative pain.</li>
	<li>After surgery, permit the patient to leave the bed one day postoperatively, provided no special conditions or complications arise, and provide a lumbar brace13 (semi-rigid type with metal or plastic struts for support).</li>
</ol>

Novel PLL-AF Suture Technique for Annulus Fibrosus Repair in Lumbar Endoscopy

<ol>
	<li>Fan, G., Wang, C., Gu, X., Zhang, H., He, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trajectory+planning+and+guided+punctures+with+isocentric+navigation+in+posterolateral+endoscopic+lumbar+discectomy.">Trajectory planning and guided punctures with isocentric navigation in posterolateral endoscopic lumbar discectomy.</a> World Neurosurg. 103, 899-905 (2017).</li><li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+endoscopic+lumbar+discectomy+for+recurrent+lumbar+disc+herniation.">Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for recurrent lumbar disc herniation.</a> Int J Surg. 27, 8-16 (2016).</li><li>Hu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significance+of+preoperative+planning+software+for+puncture+and+channel+establishment+in+percutaneous+endoscopic+lumbar+discectomy:+A+study+of+40+cases.">Significance of preoperative planning software for puncture and channel establishment in percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy: A study of 40 cases.</a> Int J Surg. 41, 97-103 (2017).</li><li>Li, Z. Z., Cao, Z., Zhao, H. L., Shang, W. L., Hou, S. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pilot+study+of+full-endoscopic+annulus+fibrosus+suture+following+lumbar+discectomy:+Technique+notes+and+one-year+follow-up.">A pilot study of full-endoscopic annulus fibrosus suture following lumbar discectomy: Technique notes and one-year follow-up.</a> Pain Physician. 23 (5), E497-E506 (2020).</li><li>Bron, J. L., Helder, M. N., Meisel, H. J., Van Royen, B. J., Smit, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repair,+regenerative+and+supportive+therapies+of+the+annulus+fibrosus:+Achievements+and+challenges.">Repair, regenerative and supportive therapies of the annulus fibrosus: Achievements and challenges.</a> Eur Spine J. 18 (3), 301-313 (2009).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+retrospective+study+of+the+mid-term+efficacy+of+full-endoscopic+annulus+fibrosus+suture+following+lumbar+discectomy.">A retrospective study of the mid-term efficacy of full-endoscopic annulus fibrosus suture following lumbar discectomy.</a> Front Surg. 9, 1011746 (2022).</li><li>Bird, S. B., Dickson, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinically+significant+changes+in+pain+along+the+visual+analog+scale.">Clinically significant changes in pain along the visual analog scale.</a> Ann Emerg Med. 38 (6), 639-643 (2001).</li><li>Chen, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+transforaminal+endoscopic+discectomy+versus+microendoscopic+discectomy+for+lumbar+disc+herniation:+Two-year+results+of+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy versus microendoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: Two-year results of a randomized controlled trial.</a> Spine (Phila Pa). 45 (8), 493-503 (2020).</li><li>Sairyo, K., Chikawa, T., Nagamachi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=State-of-the-art+transforaminal+percutaneous+endoscopic+lumbar+surgery+under+local+anesthesia:+Discectomy,+foraminoplasty,+and+ventral+facetectomy).">State-of-the-art transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar surgery under local anesthesia: Discectomy, foraminoplasty, and ventral facetectomy).</a> J Orthop Sci. 23 (2), 229-236 (2018).</li><li>Hoogland, T., Van Den Brekel-Dijkstra, K., Schubert, M., Miklitz, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+transforaminal+discectomy+for+recurrent+lumbar+disc+herniation:+A+prospective,+cohort+evaluation+of+262+consecutive+cases.">Endoscopic transforaminal discectomy for recurrent lumbar disc herniation: A prospective, cohort evaluation of 262 consecutive cases.</a> Spine (Phila Pa). 33 (9), 973-978 (2008).</li><li>Kim, J. E., Kim, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piriformis+syndrome+after+percutaneous+endoscopic+lumbar+discectomy+via+the+posterolateral+approach.">Piriformis syndrome after percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy via the posterolateral approach.</a> Eur Spine J. 20 (10), 1663-1668 (2011).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+full+endoscopic+annular+repair+technique+combined+with+autologous+conditioned+plasma+intradiscal+injection:+A+new+safe+serial+therapeutic+model+for+the+treatment+of+lumbar+disc+herniation.">A novel full endoscopic annular repair technique combined with autologous conditioned plasma intradiscal injection: A new safe serial therapeutic model for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation.</a> Ann Palliat Med. 10 (1), 292-301 (2021).</li><li>Landauer, F., Trieb, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+indication-based+concept+for+stepwise+spinal+orthosis+in+low+back+pain+according+to+the+current+literature.">An indication-based concept for stepwise spinal orthosis in low back pain according to the current literature.</a> J Clin Med. 11 (3), 510 (2022).</li><li>Svensson-Raskh, A., Schandl, A., Holdar, U., Fagevik Ols&#233;n, M., Nygren-Bonnier, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;I+have+everything+to+win+and+nothing+to+lose&amp;#34;:+Patient+experiences+of+mobilization+out+of+bed+immediately+after+abdominal+surgery.">34;I have everything to win and nothing to lose&amp;#34;: Patient experiences of mobilization out of bed immediately after abdominal surgery.</a> Phys Ther. 100 (12), 2079-2089 (2020).</li><li>Choy, W. J., Phan, K., Diwan, A. D., Ong, C. S., Mobbs, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Annular+closure+device+for+disc+herniation:+Meta-analysis+of+clinical+outcome+and+complications.">Annular closure device for disc herniation: Meta-analysis of clinical outcome and complications.</a> BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 19 (1), 290 (2018).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Annulus+fibrosus+repair+for+lumbar+disc+herniation:+A+meta-analysis+of+clinical+outcomes+from+controlled+studies.">Annulus fibrosus repair for lumbar disc herniation: A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes from controlled studies.</a> Global Spine J. 14 (1), 306-321 (2024).</li><li>Ren, C., Qin, R., Li, Y., Wang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microendoscopic+discectomy+combined+with+annular+suture+versus+percutaneous+transforaminal+endoscopic+discectomy+for+lumbar+disc+herniation:+A+prospective+observational+study.">Microendoscopic discectomy combined with annular suture versus percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for lumbar disc herniation: A prospective observational study.</a> Pain Physician. 23 (6), E713-E721 (2020).</li></ol>

The authors in this study declare that no conflict of interest exists.

Achieving excellent AF suturing under the endoscope has significant benefits. It is expected to reduce the nerve mechanical stimulation caused by AF rupture or bulge, thereby decreasing postoperative residual discogenic low back pain and/or sciatica pain4,12. Closing the annular tear portal can reduce nerve root irritation caused by the release of inflammatory mediators from the intervertebral disc5. Additionally, patients can feel more co...

Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PETD), a minimally invasive procedure used to remove herniated discs in the lumbar spine, is performed with an endoscope - a thin tube with a camera and light at the tip that enables the surgeon to visualize internal tissues and surrounding structures on a monitor1. With real-time image guidance on the monitor, surgeons can perform positioning, puncture, and placement of the cannula2 through a small skin incision of approximately 1 cm. Step-by-step exposure under the endoscope follows, including the removal of surrounding soft tissue and foraminoplasty to enlarge the opening of the targeted lumbar foramen. Once a clear view and sufficient operating space are achieved, complete decompression of the lumbar nerve is performed by removing the compressive fragments3.
Preventing postoperative recurrence of disc herniation remains a long-term concern for spine surgeons. One strategy during surgery to minimize the risk of recurrence is to remove all suspected detached nucleus pulposus (NP), even if it has not yet herniated into the canal. This is because a ruptured annulus fibrosus (AF) cannot be fully repaired, and as a result, detached NP tissue susceptible to intradiscal pressure may potentially reherniate in the future4.
Despite promising advancements in tissue engineering for repairing and regenerating the nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF), none of them have been clinically proven effective5. The direct closure of the AF tear after full decompression is an important technique for reducing the risk of recurrence in lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Currently, the most frequently used suture technique for AF repair under endoscopy involves performing a simple suture with one single stitch at the site of the tear6. Apart from concerns about whether a single stitch can generate enough tension, an insufficient suture area (both in terms of quality and quantity) on both sides of the annular tear is frequently encountered after endoscopic decompression.
Therefore, this study proposes a new technique for suturing the AF after decompression of PETD by pulling and suturing the nearby posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) over the AF tear with three stitches (PLL-AF suture technique).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% lidocaine&#160;</td>
			<td>Beijing Tide Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>H37022768</td>
			<td>For postoperative pain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dilatation cannula</td>
			<td>Beijing Tianqi Medical technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td>
			<td>ZJ289019</td>
			<td>Cannulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable annular stapler&#160;</td>
			<td>Medical Science &#38; Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td>
			<td>SMILE-L, 2020</td>
			<td>Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable stitches</td>
			<td>Medical Science &#38; Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td>
			<td>SMILE-L, 2020-022</td>
			<td>Stitch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flurbiprofen axetil&#160;</td>
			<td>Shandong Hualu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>H20041508</td>
			<td>For postoperative pain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Puncture needle</td>
			<td>Beijing Tianqi Medical technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td>
			<td>ZJ289033</td>
			<td>Puncture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trephine saws&#160;</td>
			<td>Beijing Tianqi Medical technology Co., Ltd., Beijing</td>
			<td>ZJ289036</td>
			<td>Foraminoplasty</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a suture technique for ruptured annulus fibrosus following decompression under percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy

The suture technique for a ruptured annulus fibrosus (AF) under full-endoscopy remains challenging. Direct suturing of a ruptured annular tear after full decompression has been shown to decrease the recurrence rate of lumbar disc herniation during endoscopic surgery. Traditional suture operations under endoscopy involve only simple suturing of the ruptured AF. Due to the weak and poor quality of the AF tissue around the tear portal, using this area as needle insertion points during suturing may lead to insufficient tension and a low success rate of AF closure. Currently, there is no detailed technical illustration based on video for AF tear suturing under lumbar full-endoscopy. We innovatively propose a method of covering and suturing the AF tear by pulling up the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) under lumbar endoscopy and using three stitches (PLL-AF suture technique). The patient who received the novel suture technique achieved satisfactory results. Six months after the operation, lumbar MRI showed no evidence of recurrence in the outpatient clinic.

Author Spotlight: Development and Application of a Novel Suture Technique for Annular Fibrosus Repair in Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy

A Suture Technique for Ruptured Annulus Fibrosus Following Decompression Under Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy

This research describes an innovative suture technique for ruptured annular fibrosus during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy We proposed a method of suturing the annular fibrosus tear by pulling up the posterior longitudinal ligament under lumbar for endoscopy. To perform the surgical technique of endoscopic operations for lumbar herniation, surgeons must possess extensive experience. However, not every patient with lumbar herniation is suitable for this technique.In some cases, suturing may not be necessary if the annular tear becomes too narrow after decompression. This technique offers a new solution that tackle the insufficient tension that occurs due to the conventional single dish suturing method following endoscopic decompression of the lumbar spine. Moreover, the posterior longitudinal ligament was tightly seen about the annular fibrosis tear, which helped increase the lumbar canal volume at the compressed segment.

After successful and sufficient decompression, the herniated disc at L4/5 (Figure 2A,A&#39;) was resected. Local AF tear (both medial and lateral tear edges) and PLL were identified under the endoscope. The first stitch ensured that the lateral tear edge was contained and sutured. The PLL and the medial AF tear edge were penetrated and stitched along with the first stitch. A third fastened stitch was tied with the second stitch at the cranial side of the first stitch. The ke...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Author Spotlight: Development and Application of a Novel Suture Technique for Annular Fibrosus Repair in Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy at 

This protocol describes an innovative suture technique for ruptured annular fibrosus during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy.

The suture technique for a ruptured annulus fibrosus (AF) under full-endoscopy remains challenging. Direct suturing of a ruptured annular tear after full ...

a-suture-technique-for-ruptured-annulus-fibrosus-following

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)-Annulus Fibrosus (AF) Suture Technique

624 Views.  Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital.  This protocol describes an innovative suture technique for ruptured annular fibrosus during percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy. 

Novel PLL-AF Suture Technique for Annulus Fibrosus Repair in Lumbar Endoscopy

Summary